когда
Old Church Slavonic
Adverb
когда • (kogda)
- Alternative form of къгда (kŭgda)
Russian
Alternative forms
- коды́ (kodý) – regional, colloquial
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *koda, from which the following words also were derived: Old Church Slavonic къгда (kŭgda), Bulgarian кога (koga), Polish kiedy, gdy, Serbo-Croatian када / kada, Slovene kdaj, Czech kdy, Lower Sorbian gdy. Originally the word was probably *koda; compare Lithuanian kada (“when”), Latvian kad, Old Indic and Sanskrit कदा (kadā), Avestan kadā. From *koda came *kъdа, possibly under the influence of *kъdе, kъtо. On the other hand, one may perceive in когда́ (kogdá) the old instrumental singular *godō of the word год (god) (the old meaning of which was “time, period”) with the interrogative particle ко-, making a genitive singular form *kogo goda (which time?). Thus the -гда ending may have derived from the genitive of год (god, “period of time”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [kɐɡˈda]
Audio (file)
- (colloquial, casual, fast speech) IPA(key): [kɐˈda] (phonetic respelling: кода́)
- Rhymes: -a
Adverb
когда́ • (kogdá)
- when
- Когда́ вы прие́хали? ― Kogdá vy prijéxali? ― When did you arrive?
Conjunction
когда́ • (kogdá)
- when
- Я не зна́ю, когда́ э́то бы́ло. ― Ja ne znáju, kogdá éto býlo. ― I don’t know when it was.
Usage notes
- Both the subordinate clause with the conjunction когда and the main clause can have either an imperfective or a perfective verb. However, the whole context of the respective sentences could be different due to the difference of the aspects.
- Chiefly in colloquial language, the conjunction когда can be moved to any position in the dependent clause including the final one; this typically occurs in short introductory clauses that recall or specify being in the middle of things of a situation.
Related terms
Derived terms
- когда́-либо (kogdá-libo)
- когда́-нибудь (kogdá-nibudʹ)
- когда́-то (kogdá-to)
- не́когда (nékogda)
- никогда́ (nikogdá)