карам
Bulgarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈkarəm]
Etymology 1
From Proto-Slavic *karati (“to accuse”), an interative counter-part to коря́ (korjá, “to rebuke”).
Verb
ка́рам • (káram) impf
- (transitive, dialectal) to edify, to instruct
- Synonyms: поуча́вам (poučávam), назида́вам (nazidávam)
- (transitive, dialectal) to rebuke, to reproach, to reprimand
- Synonyms: гъ́лча (gǎ́lča), мъ́мря (mǎ́mrja), хо́кам (hókam), укоря́вам (ukorjávam), порица́вам (poricávam)
- Сос ма ка́рай, ма́йчинко, сос ма мо́мрей! (in Rupian dialect)
- Sos ma káraj, májčinko, sos ma mómrej!
- Stop reproaching me, mother, stop reprimanding me!
Usage notes
In the standard language, this meaning is primarily expressed via reflexive ка́рам се (káram se). The transitive form typically carries the meaning of Etymology 2.
Conjugation
Conjugation of ка́рам (conjugation 3, imperfective, transitive)
| participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | indefinite | ка́ращ kárašt | ка́рал, кара́л1 káral, karál1 | ка́рал káral | ка́ран káran | ка́райки kárajki | |
| definite subject form | ка́ращият káraštijat | ка́ралият, кара́лият1 káralijat, karálijat1 | — | ка́раният káranijat | |||
| definite object form | ка́ращия káraštija | ка́ралия, кара́лия1 káralija, karálija1 | — | ка́рания káranija | |||
| feminine | indefinite | ка́раща kárašta | ка́рала, кара́ла1 kárala, karála1 | ка́рала kárala | ка́рана kárana | ||
| definite | ка́ращата káraštata | ка́ралата, кара́лата1 káralata, karálata1 | — | ка́раната káranata | |||
| neuter | indefinite | ка́ращо kárašto | ка́рало, кара́ло1 káralo, karálo1 | ка́рало káralo | ка́рано kárano | ка́ране kárane | |
| definite | ка́ращото káraštoto | ка́ралото, кара́лото1 káraloto, karáloto1 | — | ка́раното káranoto | ка́рането káraneto | ||
| plural | indefinite | ка́ращи kárašti | ка́рали, кара́ли1 kárali, karáli1 | ка́рали kárali | ка́рани kárani | ка́рания, ка́ранета káranija, káraneta | |
| definite | ка́ращите káraštite | ка́ралите, кара́лите1 káralite, karálite1 | — | ка́раните káranite | ка́ранията, ка́ранетата káranijata, káranetata | ||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present | ка́рам káram | ка́раш káraš | ка́ра kára | ка́раме kárame | ка́рате kárate | ка́рат kárat | |
| imperfect | ка́рах kárah | ка́раше káraše | ка́раше káraše | ка́рахме kárahme | ка́рахте kárahte | ка́раха káraha | |
| aorist | ка́рах, кара́х1 kárah, karáh1 | ка́ра, кара́1 kára, kará1 | ка́ра, кара́1 kára, kará1 | ка́рахме, кара́хме1 kárahme, karáhme1 | ка́рахте, кара́хте1 kárahte, karáhte1 | ка́раха, кара́ха1 káraha, karáha1 | |
| future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | none | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | |||||||
| imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
| ка́рай káraj | ка́райте kárajte | ||||||
1Dialectally marked.
Derived terms
- ока́рвам impf (okárvam), ока́рам pf (okáram, “to berate”)
- пока́рвам impf (pokárvam), пока́рам pf (pokáram, “to express critizism”) (dialectal)
- ска́рвам impf (skárvam), ска́рам pf (skáram, “to make someone agitated/upset with another one”)
- ска́ран (skáran, “being on bad terms”)
- ка́ране (kárane), ка́раница (káranica, “scuffle, quarrel”)
- ка́рба (kárba), пре́карба (prékarba, “mutual reproach, exchange of accusations”) (dialectal)
Related terms
- у́кор (úkor, “reproach”)
- ука́рям (ukárjam, “to accuse, to defame”) (obsolete)
References
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1979), “карам²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 236
- Nayden Gerov (1897), “ка́рамь (10, 11)”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 351
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *carriāre or *carreāre, from Latin carrus, ultimately of Gaulish origin. Cognate with English carry.
Verb
ка́рам • (káram) impf
- (transitive) to drive, to conduct (a vehicle)
- Synonym: управля́вам (upravljávam)
- ка́рам кола́ ― káram kolá ― [I] drive a car
- (transitive) to drive, to herd (an animal, a herd)
- Synonyms: во́дя (vódja), (dialectal) кърдя́ (kǎrdjá)
- ка́рам гове́да ― káram govéda ― [I] herd cattle
- (transitive) to convey, to transport, to carry
- Synonym: во́зя (vózja)
- ка́рам това́р ― káram továr ― to transport goods
- (transitive) to make, to coerce (someone do something)
- Synonyms: те́рам (téram), си́ля (sílja), принужда́вам (prinuždávam)
- ка́рам ня́кого да ... ― káram njákogo da ... ― [I] coerce someone to ...
- (abstracted, transitive) to undergo, to get through, to pass (endevour, situation, state of affairs)
- ка́рам грип ― káram grip ― [I] undergo flu
- ка́рам и́зпит ― káram ízpit ― [I] am taking an exam
- Ка́рам я ня́как си.
- Káram ja njákak si.
- I am doing fine somehow/in some way.
- (colloquial, figurative, transitive) to be (a certain age)
- (colloquial, figurative, transitive) to live, to be getting along
- (colloquial, transitive) to keep on (doing something), to carry out
- (reflexive with се) to make, to prepare oneself to do something
Conjugation
Conjugation of ка́рам (conjugation 3, imperfective, transitive)
| participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | indefinite | ка́ращ kárašt | ка́рал, кара́л1 káral, karál1 | ка́рал káral | ка́ран káran | ка́райки kárajki | |
| definite subject form | ка́ращият káraštijat | ка́ралият, кара́лият1 káralijat, karálijat1 | — | ка́раният káranijat | |||
| definite object form | ка́ращия káraštija | ка́ралия, кара́лия1 káralija, karálija1 | — | ка́рания káranija | |||
| feminine | indefinite | ка́раща kárašta | ка́рала, кара́ла1 kárala, karála1 | ка́рала kárala | ка́рана kárana | ||
| definite | ка́ращата káraštata | ка́ралата, кара́лата1 káralata, karálata1 | — | ка́раната káranata | |||
| neuter | indefinite | ка́ращо kárašto | ка́рало, кара́ло1 káralo, karálo1 | ка́рало káralo | ка́рано kárano | ка́ране kárane | |
| definite | ка́ращото káraštoto | ка́ралото, кара́лото1 káraloto, karáloto1 | — | ка́раното káranoto | ка́рането káraneto | ||
| plural | indefinite | ка́ращи kárašti | ка́рали, кара́ли1 kárali, karáli1 | ка́рали kárali | ка́рани kárani | ка́рания, ка́ранета káranija, káraneta | |
| definite | ка́ращите káraštite | ка́ралите, кара́лите1 káralite, karálite1 | — | ка́раните káranite | ка́ранията, ка́ранетата káranijata, káranetata | ||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present | ка́рам káram | ка́раш káraš | ка́ра kára | ка́раме kárame | ка́рате kárate | ка́рат kárat | |
| imperfect | ка́рах kárah | ка́раше káraše | ка́раше káraše | ка́рахме kárahme | ка́рахте kárahte | ка́раха káraha | |
| aorist | ка́рах, кара́х1 kárah, karáh1 | ка́ра, кара́1 kára, kará1 | ка́ра, кара́1 kára, kará1 | ка́рахме, кара́хме1 kárahme, karáhme1 | ка́рахте, кара́хте1 kárahte, karáhte1 | ка́раха, кара́ха1 káraha, karáha1 | |
| future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | none | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал m, ка́рала f, ка́рало n, or ка́рали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and ка́рал/кара́л1 m, ка́рала/кара́ла1 f, ка́рало/кара́ло1 n, or ка́рали/кара́ли1 pl | |||||||
| imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
| ка́рай káraj | ка́райте kárajte | ||||||
1Dialectally marked.
Derived terms
- вка́рвам impf (vkárvam), вка́рам pf (vkáram, “to insert, to push in”)
- изка́рвам impf (izkárvam), изка́рам pf (izkáram, “to pull out”)
- дока́рвам impf (dokárvam), дока́рам pf (dokáram, “to carry, bring up”)
- издока́рвам impf (izdokárvam), издока́рам pf (izdokáram)
- зака́рвам impf (zakárvam), зака́рам pf (zakáram, “to transport”)
- нака́рвам impf (nakárvam), нака́рам pf (nakáram, “to compel, to force”)
- отка́рвам impf (otkárvam), отка́рам pf (otkáram, “to carry away”)
- подка́рвам impf (podkárvam), подка́рам pf (podkáram, “to drive up, to undertake”)
- пока́рвам impf (pokárvam), пока́рам pf (pokáram, “to get carrying”)
- разпока́рвам impf (razpokárvam), разпока́рам pf (razpokáram)
- прека́рвам impf (prekárvam), прека́рам pf (prekáram, “to spend, to forebear”)
- прика́рвам impf (prikárvam), прика́рам pf (prikáram, “to bring in, to conduct”)
- прока́рвам impf (prokárvam), прока́рам pf (prokáram, “to carry into”)
- разка́рвам impf (razkárvam), разка́рам pf (razkáram, “to carry back and forth”)
- ука́рвам impf (ukárvam), ука́рам pf (ukáram, “to infix”) (dialectal)
- кара́ч (karáč, “herder, driver”)
Related terms
- кару́ца (karúca, “charriot”)
References
- карам in Rečnik na bǎlgarskija ezik (Institut za bǎlgarski ezik)
- карам in Rečnik na bǎlgarskija ezik (Čitanka.Info)
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1979), “карам¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 235
- Nayden Gerov (1897), “ка́рамь (1-9)”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 350
Kyrgyz
Etymology
Borrowed from Persian کرم (karam), from Ancient Greek κράμβη (krámbē, “cabbage”).
Noun
карам • (karam) (definite [[{{{1}}}#Kyrgyz|{{{1}}}]], plural [[{{{2}}}#Kyrgyz|{{{2}}}]])
- cabbage
Russian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈkarəm]
Noun
ка́рам • (káram) f inan pl
- dative plural of ка́ра (kára)
Noun
ка́рам • (káram) m inan pl
- dative plural of кар (kar)
Tajik
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Ancient Greek κράμβη (krámbē, “cabbage”).
Alternative forms
- калам (kalam)
Noun
| Dari | کرم |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | карам (karam) |
карам • (karam)
- cabbage
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Arabic كَرَم (karam).
Noun
| Dari | کرم |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | карам (karam) |
карам • (karam)
- bounty
- generosity
- magnificence