-ка
Bulgarian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka and Proto-Slavic *-ьka (the later causes palatalization of preceding velars).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ka]
- This suffix is never stressed.
Suffix
-ка • (-ka)
- Forms diminutives of feminine nouns, including personal names:
- брой (broj) + -ка (-ka) → бро́йка (brójka)
- жи́ца (žíca) + -ка (-ka) → жи́чка (žíčka)
- кни́га (kníga) + -ка (-ka) → кни́жка (knížka)
- пи́та (píta) + -ка (-ka) → пи́тка (pítka)
- Снежа́на (Snežána) + -ка (-ka) → Снежа́нка (Snežánka)
- Мари́я (Maríja) + -ка (-ka) → Мари́йка (Maríjka)
- Forms feminine nouns (including personal names) from adjectives:
- бял (bjal) + -ка (-ka) → бе́лка (bélka)
- горчи́в (gorčív) + -ка (-ka) → горчи́вка (gorčívka)
- лис (lis) + -ка (-ka) → ли́ска (líska)
- ме́ден (méden) + -ка (-ka) → ме́денка (médenka)
- здрав (zdrav) + -ка (-ka) → Здра́вка (Zdrávka)
- рад (rad) + -ка (-ka) → Ра́дка (Rádka)
- Forms resultant or abstract nouns from verbs:
- гле́дам (glédam) + -ка (-ka) → гле́дка (glédka)
- ме́ря (mérja) + -ка (-ka) → мя́рка (mjárka)
- плета́ (pletá) + -ка (-ka) → пле́тка (plétka)
- стъ́пя (stǎ́pja) + -ка (-ka) → стъ́пка (stǎ́pka)
- Forms instrumental nouns from verbs:
- гре́я (gréja) + -ка (-ka) → гре́йка (gréjka)
- държа́ (dǎržá) + -ка (-ka) → дръ́жка (drǎ́žka)
- люле́я (ljuléja) + -ка (-ka) → лю́лка (ljúlka)
- цедя́ (cedjá) + -ка (-ka) → це́дка (cédka)
- Forms agent nouns from verbs or participles:
- доя́ (dojá) + -ка (-ka) → до́йка (dójka)
- ква́кам (kvákam) + -ка (-ka) → ква́чка (kváčka)
- роди́ла (rodíla) + -ка (-ka) → роди́лка (rodílka)
- хубаве́ла (hubavéla) + -ка (-ka) → хубаве́лка (hubavélka)
- Forms feminine counter-parts to masculine agent nouns:
- друг (drug) + -ка (-ka) → дру́жка (drúžka)
- глупа́к (glupák) + -ка (-ka) → глупа́чка (glupáčka)
- жетва́р (žetvár) + -ка (-ka) → жетва́рка (žetvárka)
- селя́нин (seljánin) + -ка (-ka) → селя́нка (seljánka) (nouns in -анин/-янин lose the ending -ин)
- съсе́д (sǎséd) + -ка (-ka) → съсе́дка (sǎsédka)
- учи́тел (učítel) + -ка (-ka) → учи́телка (učítelka)
- Forms secondary animal names from earlier root-athematic forms (which often have become obsolete):
- въш (vǎš) + -ка (-ka) → въ́шка (vǎ́ška)
- гъс (gǎs) + -ка (-ka) → гъска (gǎska)
- кот (kot) + -ка (-ka) → ко́тка (kótka)
- миш (miš) + -ка (-ka) → ми́шка (míška)
Declension
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | -ка -ka | -ки -ki |
definite | -ката -kata | -ките -kite |
Derived terms
Komi-Zyrian
Etymology 1
Possibly from Russian -ка (-ka).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-ka/, [-kä]
Suffix
-ка • (-ka)
- (unproductive) Forms nouns denoting in-law family members;
- ай (aj, “father”) → айка (ajka, “father-in-law”)
- энь (enʹ, “mother”) → энька (enʹka, “mother-in-law”)
- (unproductive) Forms nouns with a broader meaning from kinship terms;
- зон (zon, “son”) → зонка (zonka, “boy”)
- ныв (nyv, “daughter”) → нывка (nyvka, “girl”)
- (archaic) Forms diminutives.
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Permic *kwo-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-ka/, [-kä]
Noun
-ка • (-ka)
- (in compounds) dwelling
Derived terms
- керка (kerka)
References
- Bubrikh, Dmitry V. (1949) Грамматика литературного коми языка [Grammar of the literary Komi language] (in Russian), Leningrad: Zhdanov Leningrad State University, page 61
Macedonian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ka]
Suffix
-ка • (-ka)
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
Derived terms
Russian
Etymology 1
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Particle
-ка • (-ka)
- now, just (usually appended to an imperative verb to express a pressing request)
- Иди́те-ка сюда́ ― Idíte-ka sjudá ― Just come here!
- Послу́шай-ка, па́рень ― Poslúšaj-ka, párenʹ ― Now listen, lad!
Descendants
- → Ingrian: -k
Etymology 2
From a conflation of two suffixes Proto-Slavic *-ьka and Proto-Slavic *-ъka. The former always came to be used after velars (hence the occurrence of the Slavic first palatalization), while the latter always came to be used after -л- (hence the lack of palatalization of -л- before -ка).
Suffix
-ка • (-ka)
- (added to (normally feminine) nouns, forms diminutives, sometimes with a further change in meaning)
- жи́ла (žíla, “vein”) + -ка (-ka) → жи́лка (žílka, “veinlet, small vein”)
- моги́ла (mogíla, “grave”) + -ка (-ka) → моги́лка (mogílka, “small grave”)
- бума́га (bumága, “paper, document”) + -ка (-ka) → бума́жка (bumážka, “small document”)
- ку́кла (kúkla, “doll, puppet”) (genitive plural ку́кол (kúkol)) + -ка (-ka) → ку́колка (kúkolka, “small doll, pupa”)
- пчела́ (pčelá, “bee”) + -ка (-ka) → пчёлка (pčólka, “small bee”)
- вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ка (-ka) → во́дка (vódka, “vodka”) (originally, "something diluted with water")
- (added to nouns denoting classes of people, forms the feminine equivalent; replaces the suffix -ец (-ec) if present)
- ленингра́дец (leningrádec, “resident of Leningrad”) + -ка (-ka) → ленингра́дка (leningrádka, “female resident of Leningrad”)
- (added to verbs, forms abstract nouns or nouns indicating the result of the action)
- закали́ть (zakalítʹ, “to temper, to harden”) + -ка (-ka) → зака́лка (zakálka, “tempering, hardening; training (for endurance)”)
- мочи́ть (močítʹ, “to soak, to wet”) + -ка (-ka) → мо́чка (móčka, “soaking, wetting”)
- отде́лать (otdélatʹ, “to finish, to trim”) + -ка (-ka) → отде́лка (otdélka, “finishing, trimming; finish, trim”)
- подде́лать (poddélatʹ, “to counterfeit, to fake”) + -ка (-ka) → подде́лка (poddélka, “counterfeit, imitation, fake, forgery”)
- блоки́ровать (blokírovatʹ, “to block”) + -ка (-ka) → блокиро́вка (blokiróvka, “blocking, blockage”)
- (added to verbs, forms instruments or tools)
- заколо́ть (zakolótʹ, “to attach with a pin”) + -ка (-ka) → зако́лка (zakólka, “barrette”)
- пили́ть (pilítʹ, “to saw”) + -ка (-ka) → пи́лка (pílka, “fretsaw; fingernail file”)
- (added to adjectives or numerals, forms colloquial nouns with the meaning of a carrier of the adjective's or numeral's properties)
- минера́льный (minerálʹnyj, “mineral (relational)”) + -ка (-ka) → минера́лка (minerálka, “mineral water (colloquial); mineral fertilizer (colloquial)”)
- зени́тный (zenítnyj, “zenith (relational); anti-aircraft (relational)”) + -ка (-ka) → зени́тка (zenítka, “anti-aircraft gun (colloquial)”)
- полтора́ (poltorá, “one and a half”) (oblique cases полу́тора (polútora)) + -ка (-ka) → полу́торка (polútorka, “small apartment consisting of a medium-sized room and a small room (colloquial); GAZ-AA-brand truck with a 1.5-ton payload (colloquial)”)
Usage notes
Note the following properties:
- If the stress is on the ending, it is drawn onto the preceding syllable. Unstressed е may turn into ё when stressed.
- вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ка (-ka) → во́дка (vódka, “vodka”)
- бечева́ (bečevá, “twine”) + -ка (-ka) → бечёвка (bečóvka, “twine”) (originally, "small twine")
- If the stress is not on the ending, it generally remains in the same place, but when added onto verbs ending in -и́ровать (-írovatʹ), the stress moves onto -ов-.
- блоки́ровать (blokírovatʹ, “to block”) + -ка (-ka) → блокиро́вка (blokiróvka, “blocking, blockage”)
- A velar may turn into a palatal as a result of the Slavic first palatalization. This is due to the *ь that was formerly present at the beginning of one variant of the suffix.
- апте́ка (aptéka, “pharmacy”) + -ка (-ka) → апте́чка (aptéčka, “medicine box”)
- бума́га (bumága, “paper”) + -ка (-ka) → бума́жка (bumážka, “small document”)
- If the noun is feminine or neuter and reducible, the unreduced stem (as found in the genitive plural) is used. This happens frequently when the suffix is added onto a noun already in diminutive form.
- ку́кла (kúkla, “doll, puppet”) (genitive plural ку́кол (kúkol)) + -ка (-ka) → ку́колка (kúkolka, “small doll, pupa”)
- бу́дка (búdka, “booth”) (genitive plural бу́док (búdok)) + -ка (-ka) → бу́дочка (búdočka, “small booth”)
Declension
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | -ка -ka | -ки -ki |
genitive | -ки -ki | -ок△, -ек△ -ok△, -ek△ |
dative | -ке -ke | -кам -kam |
accusative | -ку -ku | -ки -ki |
instrumental | -кой, -кою -koj, -koju | -ками -kami |
prepositional | -ке -ke | -ках -kax |
△ Irregular.
Derived terms
Related terms
- -о́к (-ók)
- -очка (-očka), -ечка (-ečka)
- -ишка (-iška)
See also
- -то (-to)
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
-ка (Latin spelling -ka)
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
See also
- -инка
- -енка
- -овка