-енный
Russian
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic -еньнъ (-enĭnŭ), from енъ (enŭ) + ьнъ (ĭnŭ). Originally used to form adjectives from past passive participles in Old Church Slavonic, later reinterpreted as a past passive participle suffix within the Russian literary language. Compare the native past participle suffix -еный (-enyj), which developed into an adjective suffix. For the same development compare -ячий (-jačij).
Alternative forms
- -ённый (-jónnyj) – when stressed
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ʲɪn(ː)ɨj]
Suffix
-енный • (-ennyj)
- used to form past passive participles from verbs in -ить (-itʹ) and -еть (-etʹ), which are frequently lexicalized into adjectives
- просла́вить (proslávitʹ, “to celebrate”) + -енный (-ennyj) → просла́вленный (proslávlennyj, “celebrated”)
Usage notes
- As a means of forming past passive participles, the suffix as written occurs only unstressed; when stressed, it assumes the form -ённый (-jónnyj). Generally, this suffix occurs with accent-a verbs (stem-stressed verbs ending in unstressed -ить (-itʹ) and -еть (-etʹ)) and accent-c verbs (ending-stressed verbs in -и́ть (-ítʹ) and -е́ть (-étʹ), where the present and synthetic future tense, except for the first person singular, are stem-stressed, for example води́ть (vodítʹ) with present tense вожу́ (vožú), во́дишь (vódišʹ), во́дит (vódit), etc.). It does not normally occur with accent-b verbs (ending-stressed verbs where the entire present and synthetic future tense is ending-stressed, for example вини́ть (vinítʹ) with present tense виню́ (vinjú), вини́шь (viníšʹ), вини́т (vinít), etc.), which instead use -ённый (-jónnyj). However, there are exceptions in both directions, e.g. accent-c дели́ть (delítʹ) (present tense делю́ (deljú), де́лишь (délišʹ)) with past passive participle делённый (deljónnyj) and accent-b крои́ть (kroítʹ) (present tense крою́ (krojú), крои́шь (kroíšʹ)) with past passive participle кро́енный (krójennyj).
- This suffix triggers iotation (unlike the homophonous adjective-forming suffix below).
Related terms
- -анный (-annyj)
- -янный (-jannyj)
- -нный (-nnyj)
See also
- -тый (-tyj)
Pronunciation
- -енный: IPA(key): [ʲɪn(ː)ɨj]
- -е́нный: IPA(key): [ˈʲenːɨj]
Suffix
-енный or -е́нный • (-ennyj or -énnyj)
- used to form adjectives from nouns, with the meaning "having the property of X"
- простра́нство (prostránstvo, “space”) + -енный (-ennyj) → простра́нственный (prostránstvennyj, “spatial”)
- целому́дрие (celomúdrije, “chastity”) + -енный (-ennyj) → целому́дренный (celomúdrennyj, “chaste”)
- ма́лый (mályj, “small”) + число́ (čisló, “number”) + -енный (-ennyj) → малочи́сленный (maločíslennyj, “scanty, few”)
- used to form adjectives from other adjectives, with the colloquial meaning "very X"
- высо́кий (vysókij, “high, tall”) + -е́нный (-énnyj) → высоче́нный (vysočénnyj, “very high, very tall (colloquial)”)
- здоро́вый (zdoróvyj, “healthy; strong; big”) + -е́нный (-énnyj) → здорове́нный (zdorovénnyj, “very strong, very muscular; huge, enormous (colloquial)”)
Usage notes
- This suffix triggers the Slavic first palatalization of velars, but does not trigger iotation (unlike the homophonous past-participle-forming suffix above).
- In the colloquial meaning "very X", the suffix is normally stressed, while in the meaning "having the property of X" it is normally unstressed.
Derived terms
Russian terms suffixed with -енный