гражданин
Bulgarian
Etymology
From Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. The modern meaning is a calque of French bourgeois.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈɡraʒdənin]
Noun
гра́жданин • (gráždanin) m (feminine гра́жданка, related adjective гра́ждански)
- townsman, burgher (resident of a town, city)
- citizen (legal member of a state)
Declension
Declension of гра́жданин
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite | гра́жданин gráždanin | гра́ждани gráždani |
| definite (subject form) | гра́жданинът gráždaninǎt | гра́жданите gráždanite |
| definite (object form) | гра́жданина gráždanina | |
| count form | — | гра́жданина gráždanina |
| vocative form | гра́жданино gráždanino | гра́ждани gráždani |
Derived terms
- гра́ждански (gráždanski, “civil”)
- гра́жданство (gráždanstvo, “citizenship”)
Further reading
- гражданин in Rečnik na bǎlgarskija ezik (Institut za bǎlgarski ezik)
- гражданин in Rečnik na bǎlgarskija ezik (Čitanka.Info)
Russian
Alternative forms
- граждани́нъ (graždanín) – Pre-reform orthography (1918)
Etymology
Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. Compare native горожа́нин (gorožánin), which was inherited from Old East Slavic. Related to го́род (górod, “city”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɡrəʐdɐˈnʲin]
Audio (file) - Hyphenation: гра‧жда‧нин
- Rhymes: -in
Noun
граждани́н • (graždanín) m anim (genitive граждани́на, nominative plural гра́ждане, genitive plural гра́ждан, feminine гражда́нка, related adjective гражда́нский)
- citizen, national
- November 24, 1917, Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin, Yakov Sverdlov, Decree on the Abolition of Estates and Civil Ranks:
- Всякие звания (дворянина, купца, мещанина, крестьянина и пр., титулы — княжеские, графские и пр.) и наименование гражданских чинов (тайные, статские и проч. советники) уничтожаются и устанавливается одно общее для всего населения России наименование — граждан Российской Республики.
- Vsjakije zvanija (dvorjanina, kupca, meščanina, krestʹjanina i pr., tituly — knjažeskije, grafskije i pr.) i naimenovanije graždanskix činov (tajnyje, statskije i proč. sovetniki) uničtožajutsja i ustanavlivajetsja odno obščeje dlja vsevo naselenija Rossii naimenovanije — graždan Rossijskoj Respubliki.
- Any titles (nobleman, merchant, tradesman, peasant, etc., princely, county titles, etc.) and the name of civilian officials (secret, state and other advisers) are destroyed and one common name for the entire Russian population is established — citizens of the Russian Republic.
-
- (formal, law enforcement) sir, mister, Mr. (form of address used by a police officer towards a male civilian)
- Граждани́н, пройдёмте. ― Graždanín, projdjómte. ― Sir, you're going to have to come with me.
Declension
Declension of граждани́н (anim masc-form hard-stem accent-d)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | граждани́н graždanín | гра́ждане gráždane |
| genitive | граждани́на graždanína | гра́ждан gráždan |
| dative | граждани́ну graždanínu | гра́жданам gráždanam |
| accusative | граждани́на graždanína | гра́ждан gráždan |
| instrumental | граждани́ном graždanínom | гра́жданами gráždanami |
| prepositional | граждани́не graždaníne | гра́жданах gráždanax |
Derived terms
- сограждани́н (sograždanín)
Related terms
- гражда́нка (graždánka)
- гражда́нский (graždánskij)
- гражда́нство (graždánstvo)
Descendants
- → Bashkir: граждан (grajdan)
- → Bezhta: гражданин (graždanin)
- → Kyrgyz: гражданин (grajdanin)
- → Tajik: гражданин (graždanin)
- → Turkmen: grajjdan
- → Uyghur: گراژدان (grazhdan)
- → Uzbek: grajdan
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “гражданин”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “горожанин”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress