ψύχω
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- ψύγω (psúgō)
Etymology
Uncertain. Could be from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰes-, with cognates including Sanskrit भस्त्रा (bhástrā, “bellows”) and Albanian badër. Beekes argues for a Pre-Greek origin.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /psy̌ː.kʰɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpsy.kʰo/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈpsy.xo/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈpsy.xo/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈpsi.xo/
Verb
ψῡ́χω • (psū́khō)
- I breathe, blow
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.440:
- but Athene with a breath turned it back from glorious Achilles, breathing' full lightly
- I chill, make cold
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.104.3:
- καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου ἀπιὼν ἐπὶ μᾶλλον ψύχει
- kaì tò apò toútou apiṑn epì mâllon psúkhei
- as day declines [the sun] makes it ever cooler
- καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου ἀπιὼν ἐπὶ μᾶλλον ψύχει
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.181.4:
- παρέρχονται τε μέσαι νύκτες καὶ ψύχεται μέχρι ἐς ἠῶ
- parérkhontai te mésai núktes kaì psúkhetai mékhri es ēô
- after midnight it becomes cooler until dawn
- παρέρχονται τε μέσαι νύκτες καὶ ψύχεται μέχρι ἐς ἠῶ
- I cool, refresh
- Tragica Adespota 7.2
- 200 BCE – 100 BCE, Nicander, Theriaca 473
- 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, 2 Kings 19.24
- (passive, figuratively) I am frigid
- 213 CE – 273 CE, Cassius Longinus, Collected Works 27.1
- (transitive) I dry
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cynegeticus 5.3:
- ποιοῦσι δύσοσμον, ἕως ἂν ψυχθῇ
- poioûsi dúsosmon, héōs àn psukhthêi
- [storms] make the earth bad for scent until it dries
- ποιοῦσι δύσοσμον, ἕως ἂν ψυχθῇ
Inflection
Present: ψῡ́χω, ψῡ́χομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ψῡ́χω | ψῡ́χεις | ψῡ́χει | ψῡ́χετον | ψῡ́χετον | ψῡ́χομεν | ψῡ́χετε | ψῡ́χουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ψῡ́χω | ψῡ́χῃς | ψῡ́χῃ | ψῡ́χητον | ψῡ́χητον | ψῡ́χωμεν | ψῡ́χητε | ψῡ́χωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ψῡ́χοιμῐ | ψῡ́χοις | ψῡ́χοι | ψῡ́χοιτον | ψῡχοίτην | ψῡ́χοιμεν | ψῡ́χοιτε | ψῡ́χοιεν | |||||
| imperative | ψῦχε | ψῡχέτω | ψῡ́χετον | ψῡχέτων | ψῡ́χετε | ψῡχόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive | indicative | ψῡ́χομαι | ψῡ́χῃ, ψῡ́χει | ψῡ́χεται | ψῡ́χεσθον | ψῡ́χεσθον | ψῡχόμεθᾰ | ψῡ́χεσθε | ψῡ́χονται | ||||
| subjunctive | ψῡ́χωμαι | ψῡ́χῃ | ψῡ́χηται | ψῡ́χησθον | ψῡ́χησθον | ψῡχώμεθᾰ | ψῡ́χησθε | ψῡ́χωνται | |||||
| optative | ψῡχοίμην | ψῡ́χοιο | ψῡ́χοιτο | ψῡ́χοισθον | ψῡχοίσθην | ψῡχοίμεθᾰ | ψῡ́χοισθε | ψῡ́χοιντο | |||||
| imperative | ψῡ́χου | ψῡχέσθω | ψῡ́χεσθον | ψῡχέσθων | ψῡ́χεσθε | ψῡχέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ψῡ́χειν | ψῡ́χεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ψῡ́χων | ψῡχόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ψῡ́χουσᾰ | ψῡχομένη | |||||||||||
| n | ψῦχον | ψῡχόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Imperfect: ἔψῡχον, ἐψῡχόμην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔψῡχον | ἔψῡχες | ἔψῡχε(ν) | ἐψῡ́χετον | ἐψῡχέτην | ἐψῡ́χομεν | ἐψῡ́χετε | ἔψῡχον | ||||
| middle/ passive | indicative | ἐψῡχόμην | ἐψῡ́χου | ἐψῡ́χετο | ἐψῡ́χεσθον | ἐψῡχέσθην | ἐψῡχόμεθᾰ | ἐψῡ́χεσθε | ἐψῡ́χοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Future: ψῡ́ξω, ψῡ́ξομαι, ψυχθήσομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ψῡ́ξω | ψῡ́ξεις | ψῡ́ξει | ψῡ́ξετον | ψῡ́ξετον | ψῡ́ξομεν | ψῡ́ξετε | ψῡ́ξουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | ψῡ́ξοιμῐ | ψῡ́ξοις | ψῡ́ξοι | ψῡ́ξοιτον | ψῡξοίτην | ψῡ́ξοιμεν | ψῡ́ξοιτε | ψῡ́ξοιεν | |||||
| middle | indicative | ψῡ́ξομαι | ψῡ́ξῃ, ψῡ́ξει | ψῡ́ξεται | ψῡ́ξεσθον | ψῡ́ξεσθον | ψῡξόμεθᾰ | ψῡ́ξεσθε | ψῡ́ξονται | ||||
| optative | ψῡξοίμην | ψῡ́ξοιο | ψῡ́ξοιτο | ψῡ́ξοισθον | ψῡξοίσθην | ψῡξοίμεθᾰ | ψῡ́ξοισθε | ψῡ́ξοιντο | |||||
| passive | indicative | ψυχθήσομαι | ψυχθήσῃ | ψυχθήσεται | ψυχθήσεσθον | ψυχθήσεσθον | ψυχθησόμεθᾰ | ψυχθήσεσθε | ψυχθήσονται | ||||
| optative | ψυχθησοίμην | ψυχθήσοιο | ψυχθήσοιτο | ψυχθήσοισθον | ψυχθησοίσθην | ψυχθησοίμεθᾰ | ψυχθήσοισθε | ψυχθήσοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ψῡ́ξειν | ψῡ́ξεσθαι | ψυχθήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ψῡ́ξων | ψῡξόμενος | ψυχθησόμενος | |||||||||
| f | ψῡ́ξουσᾰ | ψῡξομένη | ψυχθησομένη | ||||||||||
| n | ψῦξον | ψῡξόμενον | ψυχθησόμενον | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Future: ψῠγήσομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| passive | indicative | ψῠγήσομαι | ψῠγήσῃ | ψῠγήσεται | ψῠγήσεσθον | ψῠγήσεσθον | ψῠγησόμεθᾰ | ψῠγήσεσθε | ψῠγήσονται | ||||
| optative | ψῠγησοίμην | ψῠγήσοιο | ψῠγήσοιτο | ψῠγήσοισθον | ψῠγησοίσθην | ψῠγησοίμεθᾰ | ψῠγήσοισθε | ψῠγήσοιντο | |||||
| passive | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | ψῠγήσεσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | ψῠγησόμενος | |||||||||||
| f | ψῠγησομένη | ||||||||||||
| n | ψῠγησόμενον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Aorist: ἔψῡξᾰ, ἐψῡξᾰ́μην, ἐψύχθην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔψῡξᾰ | ἔψῡξᾰς | ἔψῡξε(ν) | ἐψῡ́ξᾰτον | ἐψῡξᾰ́την | ἐψῡ́ξᾰμεν | ἐψῡ́ξᾰτε | ἔψῡξᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ψῡ́ξω | ψῡ́ξῃς | ψῡ́ξῃ | ψῡ́ξητον | ψῡ́ξητον | ψῡ́ξωμεν | ψῡ́ξητε | ψῡ́ξωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ψῡ́ξαιμῐ | ψῡ́ξειᾰς, ψῡ́ξαις | ψῡ́ξειε(ν), ψῡ́ξαι | ψῡ́ξαιτον | ψῡξαίτην | ψῡ́ξαιμεν | ψῡ́ξαιτε | ψῡ́ξειᾰν, ψῡ́ξαιεν | |||||
| imperative | ψῦξον | ψῡξᾰ́τω | ψῡ́ξᾰτον | ψῡξᾰ́των | ψῡ́ξᾰτε | ψῡξᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ἐψῡξᾰ́μην | ἐψῡ́ξω | ἐψῡ́ξᾰτο | ἐψῡ́ξᾰσθον | ἐψῡξᾰ́σθην | ἐψῡξᾰ́μεθᾰ | ἐψῡ́ξᾰσθε | ἐψῡ́ξᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ψῡ́ξωμαι | ψῡ́ξῃ | ψῡ́ξηται | ψῡ́ξησθον | ψῡ́ξησθον | ψῡξώμεθᾰ | ψῡ́ξησθε | ψῡ́ξωνται | |||||
| optative | ψῡξαίμην | ψῡ́ξαιο | ψῡ́ξαιτο | ψῡ́ξαισθον | ψῡξαίσθην | ψῡξαίμεθᾰ | ψῡ́ξαισθε | ψῡ́ξαιντο | |||||
| imperative | ψῦξαι | ψῡξᾰ́σθω | ψῡ́ξᾰσθον | ψῡξᾰ́σθων | ψῡ́ξᾰσθε | ψῡξᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| passive | indicative | ἐψύχθην | ἐψύχθης | ἐψύχθη | ἐψύχθητον | ἐψυχθήτην | ἐψύχθημεν | ἐψύχθητε | ἐψύχθησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ψυχθῶ | ψυχθῇς | ψυχθῇ | ψυχθῆτον | ψυχθῆτον | ψυχθῶμεν | ψυχθῆτε | ψυχθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ψυχθείην | ψυχθείης | ψυχθείη | ψυχθεῖτον, ψυχθείητον | ψυχθείτην, ψυχθειήτην | ψυχθεῖμεν, ψυχθείημεν | ψυχθεῖτε, ψυχθείητε | ψυχθεῖεν, ψυχθείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ψύχθητῐ | ψυχθήτω | ψύχθητον | ψυχθήτων | ψύχθητε | ψυχθέντων | |||||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ψῦξαι | ψῡ́ξᾰσθαι | ψυχθῆναι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ψῡ́ξᾱς | ψῡξᾰ́μενος | ψυχθείς | |||||||||
| f | ψῡ́ξᾱσᾰ | ψῡξᾰμένη | ψυχθεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||
| n | ψῦξᾰν | ψῡξᾰ́μενον | ψυχθέν | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Aorist: ἐψῠ́χην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| passive | indicative | ἐψῠ́χην | ἐψῠ́χης | ἐψῠ́χη | ἐψῠ́χητον | ἐψῠχήτην | ἐψῠ́χημεν | ἐψῠ́χητε | ἐψῠ́χησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ψῠχῶ | ψῠχῇς | ψῠχῇ | ψῠχῆτον | ψῠχῆτον | ψῠχῶμεν | ψῠχῆτε | ψῠχῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ψῠχείην | ψῠχείης | ψῠχείη | ψῠχεῖτον, ψῠχείητον | ψῠχείτην, ψῠχειήτην | ψῠχεῖμεν, ψῠχείημεν | ψῠχεῖτε, ψῠχείητε | ψῠχεῖεν, ψῠχείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ψῠ́χηθῐ | ψῠχήτω | ψῠ́χητον | ψῠχήτων | ψῠ́χητε | ψῠχέντων | |||||||
| passive | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | ψῠχῆναι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | ψῠχείς | |||||||||||
| f | ψῠχεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||||
| n | ψῠχέν | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Aorist: ἐψῠ́γην (late)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| passive | indicative | ἐψῠ́γην | ἐψῠ́γης | ἐψῠ́γη | ἐψῠ́γητον | ἐψῠγήτην | ἐψῠ́γημεν | ἐψῠ́γητε | ἐψῠ́γησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ψῠγῶ | ψῠγῇς | ψῠγῇ | ψῠγῆτον | ψῠγῆτον | ψῠγῶμεν | ψῠγῆτε | ψῠγῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ψῠγείην | ψῠγείης | ψῠγείη | ψῠγεῖτον, ψῠγείητον | ψῠγείτην, ψῠγειήτην | ψῠγεῖμεν, ψῠγείημεν | ψῠγεῖτε, ψῠγείητε | ψῠγεῖεν, ψῠγείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ψῠ́γηθῐ | ψῠγήτω | ψῠ́γητον | ψῠγήτων | ψῠ́γητε | ψῠγέντων | |||||||
| passive | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | ψῠγῆναι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | ψῠγείς | |||||||||||
| f | ψῠγεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||||
| n | ψῠγέν | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Perfect: ἔψῡχᾰ, ἔψῠγμαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔψῡχᾰ | ἔψῡχᾰς | ἔψῡχε(ν) | ἐψῡ́χᾰτον | ἐψῡ́χᾰτον | ἐψῡ́χᾰμεν | ἐψῡ́χᾰτε | ἐψῡ́χᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐψῡ́χω | ἐψῡ́χῃς | ἐψῡ́χῃ | ἐψῡ́χητον | ἐψῡ́χητον | ἐψῡ́χωμεν | ἐψῡ́χητε | ἐψῡ́χωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐψῡ́χοιμῐ, ἐψῡχοίην | ἐψῡ́χοις, ἐψῡχοίης | ἐψῡ́χοι, ἐψῡχοίη | ἐψῡ́χοιτον | ἐψῡχοίτην | ἐψῡ́χοιμεν | ἐψῡ́χοιτε | ἐψῡ́χοιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἔψῡχε | ἐψῡχέτω | ἐψῡ́χετον | ἐψῡχέτων | ἐψῡ́χετε | ἐψῡχόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive | indicative | ἔψῠγμαι | ἔψῠξαι | ἔψῠκται | ἔψῠχθον | ἔψῠχθον | ἐψῠ́γμεθᾰ | ἔψῠχθε | ἐψῠ́χᾰται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐψῠγμένος ὦ | ἐψῠγμένος ᾖς | ἐψῠγμένος ᾖ | ἐψῠγμένω ἦτον | ἐψῠγμένω ἦτον | ἐψῠγμένοι ὦμεν | ἐψῠγμένοι ἦτε | ἐψῠγμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐψῠγμένος εἴην | ἐψῠγμένος εἴης | ἐψῠγμένος εἴη | ἐψῠγμένοι εἴητον/εἶτον | ἐψῠγμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην | ἐψῠγμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν | ἐψῠγμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε | ἐψῠγμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν | |||||
| imperative | ἔψῠξο | ἐψῠ́χθω | ἔψῠχθον | ἐψῠ́χθων | ἔψῠχθε | ἐψῠ́χθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐψῡχέναι | ἐψῠ́χθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐψῡχώς | ἐψῠγμένος | ||||||||||
| f | ἐψῡχυῖᾰ | ἐψῠγμένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἐψῡχός | ἐψῠγμένον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. | ||||||||||||
Synonyms
- (breathe, blow): πνέω (pnéō)
Derived terms
- ᾰ̓νᾰψῡ́χω (anapsū́khō)
- ἀντῐψῡ́χω (antipsū́khō)
- ᾰ̓ποψῡ́χω (apopsū́khō)
- ᾰ̓́ψυκτος (ápsuktos)
- δῐᾰψῡ́χω (diapsū́khō)
- δῠ́σψυκτος (dúspsuktos)
- ἐκψῡ́χω (ekpsū́khō)
- ἐμψῡ́χω (empsū́khō)
- ἐπῐψῡ́χω (epipsū́khō)
- εὔψυκτος (eúpsuktos)
- εὐψῡχής (eupsūkhḗs)
- ἡμῐ́ψυκτος (hēmípsuktos)
- κᾰτᾰψῡ́χω (katapsū́khō)
- οἰνοψυκτήρ (oinopsuktḗr)
- πᾰρᾰψῡ́χω (parapsū́khō)
- περιψῡ́χω (peripsū́khō)
- προσψῡ́χω (prospsū́khō)
- προψῡ́χω (propsū́khō)
- σκῐόψυκτος (skiópsuktos)
- σῠμψῡ́χομαι (sumpsū́khomai)
- ὑδροψῠγεῖον (hudropsugeîon)
- ὑδροψύκτῐον (hudropsúktion)
- ῠ̔περψῡ́χω (huperpsū́khō)
- ῠ̔ποψῡ́χω (hupopsū́khō)
- χλιᾰροψῡ́χῐον (khliaropsū́khion)
- ψῡχοποιός (psūkhopoiós)
- ψῡχορροφέω (psūkhorrhophéō)
Related terms
- ψῠγεύς (psugeús)
- ψῠγεῖον (psugeîon)
- ψῠ́γμᾰ (psúgma)
- ψυγμός (psugmós)
- ψυκτέον (psuktéon)
- ψυκτήρ (psuktḗr)
- ψυκτηρῐ́δῐον (psuktērídion)
- ψυκτήρῐον (psuktḗrion)
- ψυκτήρῐος (psuktḗrios)
- ψυκτηρίσκος (psuktērískos)
- ψυκτῐκός (psuktikós)
- ψύκτρα (psúktra)
- ψῡχάζω (psūkházō)
- ψῡχεινός (psūkheinós)
- ψῡχεῖον (psūkheîon)
- ψῡχή (psūkhḗ)
- ψῡχίζομαι (psūkhízomai)
- ψῡχόω (psūkhóō)
- ψῡ́χρᾱ (psū́khrā)
- ψῡχρός (psūkhrós)
- ψῦξῐς (psûxis)
- ψῦχος (psûkhos)
References
- ψύχω in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ψύχω in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- ψύχω in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ψύχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- ψύχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- G5594 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979