χωλός
Ancient Greek
Etymology
Seemingly, a formation with the suffix -λός like στρεβλός (streblós) and τυφλός (tuphlós), but without obvious etymology. Perhaps it belongs to χαλάω (khaláō, “to slacken, relax”) or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave behind, abandon”), the same root of χήρα (khḗra, “widow”), because a lame person is someone who lags or stays behind.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kʰɔː.lós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /kʰoˈlos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /xoˈlos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /xoˈlos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /xoˈlos/
Adjective
χωλός • (khōlós) m (feminine χωλή, neuter χωλόν); first/second declension
- lame, halting, limping
- Synonym: σκιμβός (skimbós)
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.217
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.503
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.308
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.92
- 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 486
- 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1032
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.161
- 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 24
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.739B
- 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Timon or The Misanthrope 20
- 446 BCE – 411 BCE, Eupolis, Collected Works 343
- 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Prorrhetics 2.1
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 794E
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 1.5
- (figuratively) maimed, imperfect, defective
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 71E
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 535D
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 3.3.3
- Hephaestio, Collected Works 5.4
- 350 BCE – 280 BCE, Demetrius of Phalerum, On Style 301
- 200 CE – 300 CE, Aristides Quintilianus, On Music 1.25
- 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Herodas, Collected Works 1.71
Inflection
First and second declension of χωλός; χωλή; χωλόν (Attic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | χωλός khōlós | χωλή khōlḗ | χωλόν khōlón | χωλώ khōlṓ | χωλᾱ́ khōlā́ | χωλώ khōlṓ | χωλοί khōloí | χωλαί khōlaí | χωλᾰ́ khōlá | |||||
Genitive | χωλοῦ khōloû | χωλῆς khōlês | χωλοῦ khōloû | χωλοῖν khōloîn | χωλαῖν khōlaîn | χωλοῖν khōloîn | χωλῶν khōlôn | χωλῶν khōlôn | χωλῶν khōlôn | |||||
Dative | χωλῷ khōlôi | χωλῇ khōlêi | χωλῷ khōlôi | χωλοῖν khōloîn | χωλαῖν khōlaîn | χωλοῖν khōloîn | χωλοῖς khōloîs | χωλαῖς khōlaîs | χωλοῖς khōloîs | |||||
Accusative | χωλόν khōlón | χωλήν khōlḗn | χωλόν khōlón | χωλώ khōlṓ | χωλᾱ́ khōlā́ | χωλώ khōlṓ | χωλούς khōloús | χωλᾱ́ς khōlā́s | χωλᾰ́ khōlá | |||||
Vocative | χωλέ khōlé | χωλή khōlḗ | χωλόν khōlón | χωλώ khōlṓ | χωλᾱ́ khōlā́ | χωλώ khōlṓ | χωλοί khōloí | χωλαί khōlaí | χωλᾰ́ khōlá | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
χωλῶς khōlôs | χωλότερος khōlóteros | χωλότᾰτος khōlótatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
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Derived terms
- χωλαίνω (khōlaínō)
- χώλανσις (khṓlansis)
- χώλασμα (khṓlasma)
- χωλάω (khōláō)
- χωλεία (khōleía)
- χώλευμα (khṓleuma)
- χωλεύω (khōleúō)
- χωλίαμβος (khōlíambos)
- χωλοκράββατον (khōlokrábbaton)
- χωλόομαι (khōlóomai)
- χωλοποιός (khōlopoiós)
- χωλόπους (khōlópous)
- χωλότης (khōlótēs)
- χώλωμα (khṓlōma)
- χώλωσις (khṓlōsis)
Descendants
- →⇒? Mingrelian: ქულა (kula, “lame”), ქულაფა (kulapa)
Further reading
- “χωλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “χωλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “χωλός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- χωλός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- χωλός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- G5560 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- cripple idem, page 184.
- crippled idem, page 184.
- deformed idem, page 205.
- disabled idem, page 227.
- halt idem, page 381.
- impotent idem, page 423.
- lame idem, page 474.
- limping idem, page 492.
- maimed idem, page 508.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN