χαράσσω

χαράσσω

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• χᾰρᾰ́ττω (kharáttō) – Attic

Etymology

According to Pokorny, from some -k- extension to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to scratch, scrape”).[1] Beekes claims that the verb, although both earlier and more frequently attested than χάραξ (khárax), is a denominative formation from the latter. It can well be a borrowing from the Phoenician cognate to much-used Jewish Babylonian Aramaic חֲרַץ‎ (ḥăraṣ, “to cut into, to incise”), Hebrew חָרַץ‎ (ḥāraṣ, “to cut or dig a cavity into; to sharpen”), Arabic خَرَزَ‎ (ḵaraza, “to bore into”),[2] exactly attested with the semantics of the Greek as active participle or occupational noun Punic 𐤇𐤓𐤔‎ (ḥrš, “crafter; engraver”).[3]

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /kʰa.rás.sɔː/ → /xaˈras.so/ → /xaˈra.so/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰa.rás.sɔː/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kʰaˈras.so/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /xaˈras.so/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /xaˈras.so/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /xaˈra.so/

Verb

χᾰρᾰ́σσω • (kharássō)

1. to sharpen
   • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 573:

     ἅρπας […] χαρασσέμεναι

     hárpas […] kharassémenai

     to sharpen sickles

2. to engrave, carve, write, draw, stamp
   • 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 10.27.13

Conjugation

   Present: χᾰρᾰ́σσω, χᾰρᾰ́σσομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	χᾰρᾰ́σσω	χᾰρᾰ́σσεις	χᾰρᾰ́σσει	χᾰρᾰ́σσετον	χᾰρᾰ́σσετον	χᾰρᾰ́σσομεν	χᾰρᾰ́σσετε	χᾰρᾰ́σσουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	χᾰρᾰ́σσω	χᾰρᾰ́σσῃς	χᾰρᾰ́σσῃ	χᾰρᾰ́σσητον	χᾰρᾰ́σσητον	χᾰρᾰ́σσωμεν	χᾰρᾰ́σσητε	χᾰρᾰ́σσωσῐ(ν)
	optative	χᾰρᾰ́σσοιμῐ	χᾰρᾰ́σσοις	χᾰρᾰ́σσοι	χᾰρᾰ́σσοιτον	χᾰρᾰσσοίτην	χᾰρᾰ́σσοιμεν	χᾰρᾰ́σσοιτε	χᾰρᾰ́σσοιεν
	imperative		χᾰ́ρᾰσσε	χᾰρᾰσσέτω	χᾰρᾰ́σσετον	χᾰρᾰσσέτων		χᾰρᾰ́σσετε	χᾰρᾰσσόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	χᾰρᾰ́σσομαι	χᾰρᾰ́σσῃ, χᾰρᾰ́σσει	χᾰρᾰ́σσεται	χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθον	χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθον	χᾰρᾰσσόμεθᾰ	χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθε	χᾰρᾰ́σσονται
	subjunctive	χᾰρᾰ́σσωμαι	χᾰρᾰ́σσῃ	χᾰρᾰ́σσηται	χᾰρᾰ́σσησθον	χᾰρᾰ́σσησθον	χᾰρᾰσσώμεθᾰ	χᾰρᾰ́σσησθε	χᾰρᾰ́σσωνται
	optative	χᾰρᾰσσοίμην	χᾰρᾰ́σσοιο	χᾰρᾰ́σσοιτο	χᾰρᾰ́σσοισθον	χᾰρᾰσσοίσθην	χᾰρᾰσσοίμεθᾰ	χᾰρᾰ́σσοισθε	χᾰρᾰ́σσοιντο
	imperative		χᾰρᾰ́σσου	χᾰρᾰσσέσθω	χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθον	χᾰρᾰσσέσθων		χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθε	χᾰρᾰσσέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		χᾰρᾰ́σσειν				χᾰρᾰ́σσεσθαι
participle	m	χᾰρᾰ́σσων				χᾰρᾰσσόμενος
	f	χᾰρᾰ́σσουσᾰ				χᾰρᾰσσομένη
	n	χᾰρᾰ́σσον				χᾰρᾰσσόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Future: χᾰρᾰ́ξω

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	χᾰρᾰ́ξω	χᾰρᾰ́ξεις	χᾰρᾰ́ξει	χᾰρᾰ́ξετον	χᾰρᾰ́ξετον	χᾰρᾰ́ξομεν	χᾰρᾰ́ξετε	χᾰρᾰ́ξουσῐ(ν)
	optative	χᾰρᾰ́ξοιμῐ	χᾰρᾰ́ξοις	χᾰρᾰ́ξοι	χᾰρᾰ́ξοιτον	χᾰρᾰξοίτην	χᾰρᾰ́ξοιμεν	χᾰρᾰ́ξοιτε	χᾰρᾰ́ξοιεν
		active
infinitive		χᾰρᾰ́ξειν
participle	m	χᾰρᾰ́ξων
	f	χᾰρᾰ́ξουσᾰ
	n	χᾰρᾰ́ξον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Aorist: ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξᾰ, ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξᾰ	ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξᾰς	ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξε(ν)	ἐχᾰρᾰ́ξᾰτον	ἐχᾰρᾰξᾰ́την	ἐχᾰρᾰ́ξᾰμεν	ἐχᾰρᾰ́ξᾰτε	ἐχᾰ́ρᾰξᾰν
	subjunctive	χᾰρᾰ́ξω	χᾰρᾰ́ξῃς	χᾰρᾰ́ξῃ	χᾰρᾰ́ξητον	χᾰρᾰ́ξητον	χᾰρᾰ́ξωμεν	χᾰρᾰ́ξητε	χᾰρᾰ́ξωσῐ(ν)
	optative	χᾰρᾰ́ξαιμῐ	χᾰρᾰ́ξειᾰς, χᾰρᾰ́ξαις	χᾰρᾰ́ξειε(ν), χᾰρᾰ́ξαι	χᾰρᾰ́ξαιτον	χᾰρᾰξαίτην	χᾰρᾰ́ξαιμεν	χᾰρᾰ́ξαιτε	χᾰρᾰ́ξειᾰν, χᾰρᾰ́ξαιεν
	imperative		χᾰ́ρᾰξον	χᾰρᾰξᾰ́τω	χᾰρᾰ́ξᾰτον	χᾰρᾰξᾰ́των		χᾰρᾰ́ξᾰτε	χᾰρᾰξᾰ́ντων
passive	indicative	ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθην	ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθης	ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθη	ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθητον	ἐχᾰρᾰχθήτην	ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθημεν	ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθητε	ἐχᾰρᾰ́χθησᾰν
	subjunctive	χᾰρᾰχθῶ	χᾰρᾰχθῇς	χᾰρᾰχθῇ	χᾰρᾰχθῆτον	χᾰρᾰχθῆτον	χᾰρᾰχθῶμεν	χᾰρᾰχθῆτε	χᾰρᾰχθῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	χᾰρᾰχθείην	χᾰρᾰχθείης	χᾰρᾰχθείη	χᾰρᾰχθεῖτον, χᾰρᾰχθείητον	χᾰρᾰχθείτην, χᾰρᾰχθειήτην	χᾰρᾰχθεῖμεν, χᾰρᾰχθείημεν	χᾰρᾰχθεῖτε, χᾰρᾰχθείητε	χᾰρᾰχθεῖεν, χᾰρᾰχθείησᾰν
	imperative		χᾰρᾰ́χθητῐ	χᾰρᾰχθήτω	χᾰρᾰ́χθητον	χᾰρᾰχθήτων		χᾰρᾰ́χθητε	χᾰρᾰχθέντων
		active					passive
infinitive		χᾰρᾰ́ξαι					χᾰρᾰχθῆναι
participle	m	χᾰρᾰ́ξᾱς					χᾰρᾰχθείς
	f	χᾰρᾰ́ξᾱσᾰ					χᾰρᾰχθεῖσᾰ
	n	χᾰρᾰ́ξᾰν					χᾰρᾰχθέν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Perfect: κεχᾰ́ρᾰγμαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle/ passive	indicative	κεχᾰ́ρᾰγμαι	κεχᾰ́ρᾰξαι	κεχᾰ́ρᾰκται	κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθον	κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθον	κεχᾰρᾰ́γμεθᾰ	κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθε	κεχᾰρᾰ́γᾰται
	subjunctive	κεχᾰρᾰγμένος ὦ	κεχᾰρᾰγμένος ᾖς	κεχᾰρᾰγμένος ᾖ	κεχᾰρᾰγμένω ἦτον	κεχᾰρᾰγμένω ἦτον	κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι ὦμεν	κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι ἦτε	κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	κεχᾰρᾰγμένος εἴην	κεχᾰρᾰγμένος εἴης	κεχᾰρᾰγμένος εἴη	κεχᾰρᾰγμένω εἴητον/εἶτον	κεχᾰρᾰγμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην	κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν	κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε	κεχᾰρᾰγμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν
	imperative		κεχᾰ́ρᾰξο	κεχᾰρᾰ́χθω	κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθον	κεχᾰρᾰ́χθων		κεχᾰ́ρᾰχθε	κεχᾰρᾰ́χθων
						middle/passive
infinitive						κεχᾰρᾰ́χθαι
participle	m					κεχᾰρᾰγμένος
	f					κεχᾰρᾰγμένη
	n					κεχᾰρᾰγμένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

• χᾰ́ρᾰγμᾰ (kháragma)
• χᾰρᾰκτήρ (kharaktḗr)
• χᾰρᾰκτός (kharaktós)
• χᾰ́ρᾰξῐς (kháraxis)

 

Related terms

• χᾰ́ρᾰξ (khárax)
• χᾰράδρᾱ (kharádrā)

References

• “χαράσσω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 441
2. Müller, David Heinrich (1887), “Arabisch-aramäische Glossen”, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes‎ (in German), volume 1, page 25
3. Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2000) Phoenician-Punic Dictionary (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 90), Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies Leuven, →ISBN, pages 198–199