χάος
Ancient Greek
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kʰá.os/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈkʰa.os/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈxa.os/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈxa.os/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈxa.os/
Etymology 1
Uncertain. Has traditionally been connected to χαίνω (khaínō), χάσκω (kháskō, “I gape, yawn”) (< Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂-) or χώρα (khṓra, “open space, place”). Beekes additionally compares Baltic and Germanic words for “palate”: Old High German guomo, goumo, Old Norse gómr, Lithuanian gomurỹs < ? PIE *ǵʰeh₂-mn-.
Noun
χᾰ́ος • (kháos) n (genitive χᾰ́εος or χᾰ́ους); third declension
- chaos, the primordial state of existence
- space, air
- abyss, chasm
- infinite darkness
Declension
Normally, only in singular; but χάη occasionally found.
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | τὸ χᾰ́ος tò kháos | τὼ χᾰ́ει tṑ kháei | τᾰ̀ χᾰ́η tà kháē | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ χᾰ́ους toû kháous | τοῖν χᾰοῖν toîn khaoîn | τῶν χᾰῶν tôn khaôn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ χᾰ́ει tôi kháei | τοῖν χᾰοῖν toîn khaoîn | τοῖς χᾰ́εσῐ / χᾰ́εσῐν toîs kháesi(n) | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸ χᾰ́ος tò kháos | τὼ χᾰ́ει tṑ kháei | τᾰ̀ χᾰ́η tà kháē | ||||||||||
Vocative | χᾰ́ος kháos | χᾰ́ει kháei | χᾰ́η kháē | ||||||||||
Notes: |
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Descendants
- Greek: χάος (cháos)
- → English: chaos
- → Armenian: քաոս (kʿaos)
- → Dutch: gas
- → Georgian: ქაოსი (kaosi)
- → Latin: chaos
- → Russian: хаос (xaos)
- → Norwegian: kaos
- → Danish: kaos
- → Spanish: caos
- → Polish: chaos
- → Portuguese: caos
- → Swedish: kaos
- → Finnish: kaaos
- → Japanese: カオス
- → Turkish: kaos
Adjective
χᾰ́ος • (kháos) m or f (neuter χᾰ́ον); second declension
- Alternative spelling of χάϊος (kháïos) "genuine, true"
Declension
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | ||||||||
Nominative | χᾰ́ος kháos | χᾰ́ον kháon | χᾰ́ω kháō | χᾰ́ω kháō | χᾰ́οι kháoi | χᾰ́ᾰ kháa | ||||||||
Genitive | χᾰ́ου kháou | χᾰ́ου kháou | χᾰ́οιν kháoin | χᾰ́οιν kháoin | χᾰ́ων kháōn | χᾰ́ων kháōn | ||||||||
Dative | χᾰ́ῳ kháōi | χᾰ́ῳ kháōi | χᾰ́οιν kháoin | χᾰ́οιν kháoin | χᾰ́οις kháois | χᾰ́οις kháois | ||||||||
Accusative | χᾰ́ον kháon | χᾰ́ον kháon | χᾰ́ω kháō | χᾰ́ω kháō | χᾰ́ους kháous | χᾰ́ᾰ kháa | ||||||||
Vocative | χᾰ́ε kháe | χᾰ́ον kháon | χᾰ́ω kháō | χᾰ́ω kháō | χᾰ́οι kháoi | χᾰ́ᾰ kháa | ||||||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
χᾰ́ως kháōs | χᾰώτερος khaṓteros | χᾰώτᾰτος khaṓtatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
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Further reading
- “χάος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “χάος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- χάος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, page 1,006
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χάος, -εος, -ους”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1614
- Furnée, Edzard Johan (1979) Vorgriechisch-Kartvelisches: Studien zum ostmediterranen Substrat nebst einem Versuch zu einer neuen pelasgischen Theorie (in German), Editions Peeters, →ISBN, page 34, connects χᾰ́ος (kháos, “the primordial state of existence, space, abyss”) with Proto-Georgian-Zan *qew- (“ravine”)
Greek
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek χάος (kháos). For sense disorder, mess, semantic loan from French chaos (in that sense) from Latin chaos, from Ancient Greek χάος (kháos).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxa.os/
- Hyphenation: χά‧ος
Noun
χάος • (cháos) n
- (singular only) chaos
- (singular only, figuratively) disorder, mess
- (singular only, mathematics) chaos
Usage notes
- Normally, there is no plural: no τα χάη (ta chái, “the chaoses”) outside of poetry.[2]
- Kostas Karyotakis, poem «Φύγε, η καρδιά μου νοσταλγεί» ("Go, my heart is nostalgic") from collection Ελεγεία και Σάτιρες (Elegia and Satires), published in 1927. (Greek text)
- Φύγε κι ἄσε με μοναχό, ποὺ βλέπω νὰ πληθαίνη
ἀπάνω ἡ νύχτα, καὶ βαθιὰ νὰ γίνωνται τὰ χάη.- Fýge ki áse me monachó, pou vlépo na plithaíni
apáno i nýchta, kai vathiá na gínontai ta chái. - Go and leave me alone looking at the growing
night upon [me], and the deepening chaoses.
- Fýge ki áse me monachó, pou vlépo na plithaíni
- Kostas Karyotakis, poem «Φύγε, η καρδιά μου νοσταλγεί» ("Go, my heart is nostalgic") from collection Ελεγεία και Σάτιρες (Elegia and Satires), published in 1927. (Greek text)
Declension
case \\ number | singular | |
---|---|---|
nominative | χάος • | |
genitive | χάους • | |
accusative | χάος • | |
vocative | χάος • | |
Plural χάη, as in literature. |
Synonyms
- (disorder, chaos): ακαταστασία f (akatastasía)
Derived terms
- η θεωρία του χάους (i theoría tou cháous, “the chaos theory”) (mathematics)
- χαοτικός (chaotikós, “chaotic”)
References
- χάος - Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], 1998, by the "Triantafyllidis" Foundation.
- χάη in greek poetry at greek-language.gr retr:2018.09.24.
Further reading
- χάος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el