σταυρός
See also: Σταύρος
Ancient Greek
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”). See ῐ̔́στημῐ (hístēmi). Cognate with Icelandic staur (“a stake, pole”), English stour (“stake, pole”), Swedish stör. Compare also staff.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /stau̯.rós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /stawˈros/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /staˈβros/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /staˈvros/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /staˈvros/
Noun
σταυρός • (staurós) m (genitive σταυροῦ); second declension
- upright stake or pile
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.11:
- σταυροὺς δ’ ἐκτὸς ἔλασσε διαμπερὲς ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα
- stauroùs d’ ektòs élasse diamperès éntha kaì éntha
- Outside he had driven stakes the whole length, this way and that.
- σταυροὺς δ’ ἐκτὸς ἔλασσε διαμπερὲς ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα
- cross, crucifix
- 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 27:40:
- εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, κατάβηθι απὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ.
- ei huiòs eî toû theoû, katábēthi apò toû stauroû.
- If you are the son of God, come down from the cross!
- εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, κατάβηθι απὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ.
Inflection
Second declension of ὁ σταυρός; τοῦ σταυροῦ (Attic)
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ὁ σταυρός ho staurós | τὼ σταυρώ tṑ staurṓ | οἱ σταυροί hoi stauroí | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ σταυροῦ toû stauroû | τοῖν σταυροῖν toîn stauroîn | τῶν σταυρῶν tôn staurôn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ σταυρῷ tôi staurôi | τοῖν σταυροῖν toîn stauroîn | τοῖς σταυροῖς toîs stauroîs | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸν σταυρόν tòn staurón | τὼ σταυρώ tṑ staurṓ | τοὺς σταυρούς toùs stauroús | ||||||||||
Vocative | σταυρέ stauré | σταυρώ staurṓ | σταυροί stauroí | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Second declension of σταυρός; σταυροῦ (Epic)
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | σταυρός staurós | σταυρώ staurṓ | σταυροί stauroí | ||||||||||
Genitive | σταυροῦ / σταυροῖο / σταυρόο stauroû / stauroîo / stauróo | σταυροῖῐν stauroîin | σταυρῶν staurôn | ||||||||||
Dative | σταυρῷ staurôi | σταυροῖῐν stauroîin | σταυροῖσῐ / σταυροῖσῐν / σταυροῖς stauroîsi(n) / stauroîs | ||||||||||
Accusative | σταυρόν staurón | σταυρώ staurṓ | σταυρούς stauroús | ||||||||||
Vocative | σταυρέ stauré | σταυρώ staurṓ | σταυροί stauroí | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Synonyms
- πᾶλος (pâlos)
- σκόλοψ (skólops)
- στᾰ́λῐξ (stálix)
- χᾰ́ρᾰξ (khárax)
Derived terms
- ᾰ̓νᾰσταυρῐ́ζω (anastaurízō)
- ᾰ̓νᾰσταυρόω (anastauróō)
- ᾰ̓νᾰσταύρωσῐς (anastaúrōsis)
- ᾰ̓ποσταυρόω (apostauróō)
- δῐᾰσταυρόω (diastauróō)
- πᾰρᾰσταυρόω (parastauróō)
- περῐσταυρόω (peristauróō)
- περῐσταύρωμᾰ (peristaúrōma)
- προᾰποσταυρόω (proapostauróō)
- προσσταυρόω (prosstauróō)
- προσταυρόω (prostauróō)
- σταυρῐκός (staurikós)
- σταυρῐ́ον (stauríon)
- σταυροειδής (stauroeidḗs)
- σταυροφόρος (staurophóros)
- σταυρόω (stauróō)
- σταύρωμᾰ (staúrōma)
- σταύρωσῐς (staúrōsis)
- στεφᾰνοσταύριον (stephanostaúrion)
- σῠσταυρόομαι (sustauróomai)
Descendants
- Greek: σταυρός (stavrós)
- → Gagauz: stavroz
Further reading
- “σταυρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “σταυρός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- σταυρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- σταυρός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- G4716 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- cross idem, page 185.
- pale idem, page 589.
- paling idem, page 590.
- pile idem, page 612.
- post idem, page 629.
- stake idem, page 809.
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek σταυρός (staurós), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /staˈvɾos/
- Hyphenation: σταυ‧ρός
Noun
σταυρός • (stavrós) m (plural σταυροί)
- cross (geometrical figure)
- Επειδή ο παππούς μου είναι αγράμματος, υπογράφει με σταυρό.
- Epeidí o pappoús mou eínai agrámmatos, ypográfei me stavró.
- Since my grandfather is illiterate, he signs with a cross.
- (Christianity) cross, crucifix (cross on which one is crucified; usually refers to the one upon which Jesus Christ died)
- Ο Χριστός πέθανε πάνω στο σταυρό.
- O Christós péthane páno sto stavró.
- Christ died on the cross.
- (figuratively) cross (difficult situation that must be endured)
- Ο καθένας σηκώνει μεγάλο σταυρό.
- O kathénas sikónei megálo stavró.
- Everyone has their own cross to bear.
- (Christianity) cross, crucifix (representation of the crucifixion stake of Christ worn or displayed by Christians)
- Ο αρχιεπίσκοπος φοράει χρυσό σταυρό.
- O archiepískopos foráei chrysó stavró.
- The archbishop is wearing a gold cross.
- (Christianity) sign of the cross (gesture of the hand moving over the front of one's body in the shape of a cross)
- κάνω τον σταυρό μου
- káno ton stavró mou
- I make (the sign of) the cross
- (puppetry) control bar (wooden device used to control marionettes)
- (anatomy, colloquial) glabella (space between the eyebrows and the nose)
- (gymnastics) Iron Cross (maneuver in which both arms are extended straight out from the sides of the body while suspended mid air and holding onto rings)
Declension
declension of σταυρός
case \\ number | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | σταυρός • | σταυροί • |
genitive | σταυρού • | σταυρών • |
accusative | σταυρό • | σταυρούς • |
vocative | σταυρέ • | σταυροί • |
Derived terms
- Σταύρος (Stávros)
- σταυρώνω (stavróno, “to crucify, to cross”)
- σταυροδρόμι n (stavrodrómi, “crossroads”)
- σταυρόλεξο n (stavrólexo, “crossword”)
- σταυρόνημα n (stavrónima, “reticle, crosshairs”)
- σταυροφορία f (stavroforía, “crusade”)
- Ερυθρός Σταυρός m (Erythrós Stavrós, “Red Cross”)
- Σταυρός του Νότου m (Stavrós tou Nótou, “Crux, Southern Cross”)
- Βόρειος σταυρός m (Vóreios stavrós, “Cygnus”) (constellation)
- πλάγιος σταυρός m (plágios stavrós, “saltire, diagonal cross”)
Descendants
- → Gagauz: stavroz