σθένος
Ancient Greek
Etymology
Unknown.[1] The cluster /stʰ/ is unusual for Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European. However several hypotheses for an Indo-European derivation exist:
- Cognate with Old English stīþ (“hard, cruel, violent”) (English stith (“stiff, hard”))[2]
- Cognate with Proto-Germanic *segaz (“victory”).[2]
- From the zero-grade *sgʷʰ- of a root *segʷʰ-, whence also Sanskrit सघ्नोति (saghnóti, “to be a match for, be equal to (a task)”) and Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬔𐬀𐬙𐬀 (a-zg-ata, “irresistible (?)”), plus an uncertain suffix *-énos.[1]
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /stʰé.nos/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈstʰe.nos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈsθe.nos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈsθe.nos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈsθe.nos/
Noun
σθένος • (sthénos) n (genitive σθένεος or σθένους); third declension
- strength, might, power
Inflection
Third declension of τὸ σθένος; τοῦ σθένους (Attic)
Case / # | Singular | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | τὸ σθένος tò sthénos | ||||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ σθένους toû sthénous | ||||||||||||
Dative | τῷ σθένει tôi sthénei | ||||||||||||
Accusative | τὸ σθένος tò sthénos | ||||||||||||
Vocative | σθένος sthénos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Third declension of σθένος; σθένεος (Epic)
Case / # | Singular | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | σθένος sthénos | ||||||||||||
Genitive | σθένεος / σθένευς sthéneos / sthéneus | ||||||||||||
Dative | σθένει / σθένεῐ̈ sthénei / sthéneï | ||||||||||||
Accusative | σθένος sthénos | ||||||||||||
Vocative | σθένος sthénos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
- Αλκισθένη (Alkisthénē)
- Ᾰ̓νδροσθένης (Androsthénēs)
- Ἀντισθένης (Antisthénēs)
- ἀσθενής (asthenḗs)
- Δεινοσθένης (Deinosthénēs)
- Δημοσθένης (Dēmosthénēs)
- Ἐρᾰτοσθένης (Eratosthénēs)
- Εὐρυσθένης (Eurusthénēs)
- Καλλισθένης (Kallisthénēs)
- Κλεισθένης (Kleisthénēs)
- Λεωσθένης (Leōsthénēs)
- Μεγᾰσθένης (Megasthénēs)
- Σθενέλᾱος (Sthenélāos)
- Σθένελος (Sthénelos)
- Σθενώ (Sthenṓ)
- Τιμοσθένης (Timosthénēs)
Descendants
- → Greek: σθένος (sthénos)
References
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σθένος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1325–1326
- George Melville Bolling, "The Etymology of ΣΘΕΝΟΣ", The American Journal of Philology 21 (1900), 315f.
Further reading
- “σθένος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- σθένος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- σθένος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- force idem, page 335.
- lustiness idem, page 505.
- might idem, page 528.
- power idem, page 630.
- strength idem, page 824.
- thews idem, page 865.
- vigour idem, page 952.
Greek
Etymology
Borrowed from Ancient Greek σθένος (sthénos).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈsθe.nos/
- Hyphenation: σθέ‧νος
Noun
σθένος • (sthénos) n
- moral or emotional strength, might, power
- (chemistry) valence, valency
- (grammar, linguistics) valency (number of grammatical arguments a verb can take)
Declension
declension of σθένος
case \\ number | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | σθένος • | σθένη • |
genitive | σθένους • | σθενών • |
accusative | σθένος • | σθένη • |
vocative | σθένος • | σθένη • |
Further reading
- σθένος - Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], 1998, by the "Triantafyllidis" Foundation.