πρό
See also: προ, προ-, and πρό-
Ancient Greek
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *pró, from Proto-Indo-European *pró, *pro- (see *per-).
Cognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र (prá), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /pró/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /pro/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /pro/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /pro/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /pro/
Preposition
πρό • (pró) (governs the genitive)
- before
- (of place) before, in front of
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.468
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.351
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.292
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.126
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.80
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.172
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.561
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.12
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.581
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.3
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.56
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.53
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.18
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 5.96
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 109
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.75
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.4
- 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1279
- 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 274
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1207
- 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, On the Embassy 148
- (with verbs of motion)
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.435
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.115
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.286
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.693
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.96
- before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.215
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.57
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.156
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.373
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.74
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.110
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.134
- 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 18
- 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 645
- 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 134
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.8.4
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.6.42
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.44
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.4.7
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.18
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.6.36
- 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 10
- 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 811
- further on, forward, onward
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.382
- 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 3.16
- 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 7.29
- 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 9.35
- 64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 8.6.24
- (of time) before
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.524
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.469
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.224
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.3
- 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 883
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 57A
- 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 201D
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.5.39
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.14
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.6.6
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1266
- 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 21
- 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 126
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.130
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pompey 73
- 95 CE – 165 CE, Appian, Civil Wars 2.116
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.8
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1204
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.122
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.83
- 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 418
- 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 173A
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 462
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.58
- 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Against the Sophists 19
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.97
- (in later writers, with numerals)
- 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 5.52
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Julius Caesar 63
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.147E
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Sulla 37
- 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Amos 1.1
- 40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 1.64
- 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of John 12:1
- 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Saturnalia 14
- (in other relations)
- (of preference) before, sooner, rather than
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.140
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 361E
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.152
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Conon 19
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.100
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.59
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.36
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 366B
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 57E
- 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 138
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.33
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.10
- 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Menexenus 249E
- 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1002
- 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 927
- 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 401D
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.62
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.12
- 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 28D
- 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Crito 54B
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 99A
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.85
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.3
- (of cause or motive) for, out of, from
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.667
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.734
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 495
- (of preference) before, sooner, rather than
- (of place) before, in front of
Usage notes
Words may be put between πρό and its case, but πρό does not come after its case.
Adverb
πρό • (pró)
- (of place) before, in front, forth, forward
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.799–800
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.360
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.118
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 960
- 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 59
- 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 682
- 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 235
- (of time) before, beforehand
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.37
- 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 32
- 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 38
Derived terms
- πρόσω (prósō)
Descendants
- → English: pro-
References
- “πρό”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πρό”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “πρό”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- πρό in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- πρό in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “πρό”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G4253 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- above idem, page 3.
- advance idem, page 13.
- anchor idem, page 29.
- antecedent idem, page 32.
- anterior idem, page 32.
- before idem, page 69.
- beforehand idem, page 70.
- behalf idem, page 71.
- ere idem, page 281.
- for idem, page 334.
- forward idem, page 340.
- front idem, page 346.
- head idem, page 389.
- preference idem, page 634.
- to idem, page 878.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN