πνέω
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- πνείω (pneíō) – Poetic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-. Cognates include Old English fnēosan (English sneeze).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /pné.ɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpne.o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈpne.o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈpne.o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈpne.o/
Verb
πνέω • (pnéō)
- I blow
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.20
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.361
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.469
- 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Charon or The Inspectors 3
- 400 BCE – 300 BCE, Mnesimachus, Collected Works 4.57
- New Testament, Acts of the Apostles 27:40
- 100 CE – 200 CE, Pollux, Onomasticon 4.72
- to breathe
- 40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 3.80
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.446
- 100 CE – 200 CE, Pollux, Onomasticon 2.75
- (with accusative) I breathe out
- 310 BCE – 240 BCE, Callimachus, Hymn to Apollo 82
- breathe in, smell
- 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 7.51
- 300 CE – 400 CE, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 5.120
- 300 CE – 400 CE, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 6.164
- 556 BCE – 468 BCE, Simonides, Collected Works 184.3
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 565
- 200 CE – 400 CE, Tryphiodorus, The Taking of Ilios 505
- (of perceptible breathing)
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 621
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.385
- I breathe, live
- 310 BCE – 240 BCE, Callimachus, Epigrams 42
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.447
- Simm. 25.12
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1160
- (figuratively, with cognate accusative) I breathe forth
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 219
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1309
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 34
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 951
- 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 1121
- 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 1016
- 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 862
- 413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 288
- 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 319
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.536
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.8
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.508
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Fragments 146
- 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1146
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.12
- I speak
- 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 437
- 310 BCE – 240 BCE, Callimachus, Epigrams 10.3
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Aristogiton 1 57
- 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 189
- 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 327
- 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 323
- 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 24
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 10.93
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 10.44
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 11.30
Inflection
Present: πνέω, πνέομαι (Contracted only in -ει-)
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πνέω | πνεῖς | πνεῖ | πνεῖτον | πνεῖτον | πνέομεν | πνεῖτε | πνέουσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | πνέω | πνέῃς | πνέῃ | πνέητον | πνέητον | πνέωμεν | πνέητε | πνέωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πνέοιμῐ | πνέοις | πνέοι | πνέοιτον | πνεοίτην | πνέοιμεν | πνέοιτε | πνέοιεν | |||||
imperative | πνεῖ | πνείτω | πνεῖτον | πνείτων | πνεῖτε | πνεόντων | |||||||
middle/ passive | indicative | πνέομαι | πνέῃ, πνεῖ | πνεῖται | πνεῖσθον | πνεῖσθον | πνεόμεθᾰ | πνεῖσθε | πνέονται | ||||
subjunctive | πνέωμαι | πνέῃ | πνέηται | πνέησθον | πνέησθον | πνεώμεθᾰ | πνέησθε | πνέωνται | |||||
optative | πνεοίμην | πνέοιο | πνέοιτο | πνέοισθον | πνεοίσθην | πνεοίμεθᾰ | πνέοισθε | πνέοιντο | |||||
imperative | πνέου | πνείσθω | πνεῖσθον | πνείσθων | πνεῖσθε | πνεέσθων | |||||||
active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
infinitive | πνεῖν | πνεῖσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | πνέων | πνεόμενος | ||||||||||
f | πνέουσᾰ | πνεομένη | |||||||||||
n | πνέον | πνεόμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Imperfect: ἔπνεον (Contracted only in -ει-)
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔπνεον | ἔπνεις | ἔπνει | ἐπνεῖτον | ἐπνείτην | ἐπνέομεν | ἐπνεῖτε | ἔπνεον | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Future: πνεύσομαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle | indicative | πνεύσομαι | πνεύσῃ, πνεύσει | πνεύσεται | πνεύσεσθον | πνεύσεσθον | πνευσόμεθᾰ | πνεύσεσθε | πνεύσονται | ||||
optative | πνευσοίμην | πνεύσοιο | πνεύσοιτο | πνεύσοισθον | πνευσοίσθην | πνευσοίμεθᾰ | πνεύσοισθε | πνεύσοιντο | |||||
middle | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πνεύσεσθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πνευσόμενος | |||||||||||
f | πνευσομένη | ||||||||||||
n | πνευσόμενον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Future: πνευσέομαι (Uncontracted)
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle | indicative | πνευσέομαι | πνευσέῃ, πνευσέει | πνευσέεται | πνευσέεσθον | πνευσέεσθον | πνευσεόμεθᾰ | πνευσέεσθε | πνευσέονται | ||||
optative | πνευσεοίμην | πνευσέοιο | πνευσέοιτο | πνευσέοισθον | πνευσεοίσθην | πνευσεοίμεθᾰ | πνευσέοισθε | πνευσέοιντο | |||||
middle | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πνευσέεσθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πνευσεόμενος | |||||||||||
f | πνευσεομένη | ||||||||||||
n | πνευσεόμενον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Future: πνευσοῦμαι (Contracted)
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle | indicative | πνευσοῦμαι | πνευσῇ | πνευσεῖται | πνευσεῖσθον | πνευσεῖσθον | πνευσούμεθᾰ | πνευσεῖσθε | πνευσοῦνται | ||||
optative | πνευσοίμην | πνευσοῖο | πνευσοῖτο | πνευσοῖσθον | πνευσοίσθην | πνευσοίμεθᾰ | πνευσοῖσθε | πνευσοῖντο | |||||
middle | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πνευσεῖσθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πνευσούμενος | |||||||||||
f | πνευσουμένη | ||||||||||||
n | πνευσούμενον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Aorist: ἔπνευσᾰ, ἐπνεύσθην
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔπνευσᾰ | ἔπνευσᾰς | ἔπνευσε(ν) | ἐπνεύσᾰτον | ἐπνευσᾰ́την | ἐπνεύσᾰμεν | ἐπνεύσᾰτε | ἔπνευσᾰν | ||||
subjunctive | πνεύσω | πνεύσῃς | πνεύσῃ | πνεύσητον | πνεύσητον | πνεύσωμεν | πνεύσητε | πνεύσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πνεύσαιμῐ | πνεύσειᾰς, πνεύσαις | πνεύσειε(ν), πνεύσαι | πνεύσαιτον | πνευσαίτην | πνεύσαιμεν | πνεύσαιτε | πνεύσειᾰν, πνεύσαιεν | |||||
imperative | πνεῦσον | πνευσᾰ́τω | πνεύσᾰτον | πνευσᾰ́των | πνεύσᾰτε | πνευσᾰ́ντων | |||||||
passive | indicative | ἐπνεύσθην | ἐπνεύσθης | ἐπνεύσθη | ἐπνεύσθητον | ἐπνευσθήτην | ἐπνεύσθημεν | ἐπνεύσθητε | ἐπνεύσθησᾰν | ||||
subjunctive | πνευσθῶ | πνευσθῇς | πνευσθῇ | πνευσθῆτον | πνευσθῆτον | πνευσθῶμεν | πνευσθῆτε | πνευσθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πνευσθείην | πνευσθείης | πνευσθείη | πνευσθεῖτον, πνευσθείητον | πνευσθείτην, πνευσθειήτην | πνευσθεῖμεν, πνευσθείημεν | πνευσθεῖτε, πνευσθείητε | πνευσθεῖεν, πνευσθείησᾰν | |||||
imperative | πνεύσθητῐ | πνευσθήτω | πνεύσθητον | πνευσθήτων | πνεύσθητε | πνευσθέντων | |||||||
active | passive | ||||||||||||
infinitive | πνεῦσαι | πνευσθῆναι | |||||||||||
participle | m | πνεύσᾱς | πνευσθείς | ||||||||||
f | πνεύσᾱσᾰ | πνευσθεῖσᾰ | |||||||||||
n | πνεῦσᾰν | πνευσθέν | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Perfect: πέπνευκᾰ, πέπνῡμαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πέπνευκᾰ | πέπνευκᾰς | πέπνευκε(ν) | πεπνεύκᾰτον | πεπνεύκᾰτον | πεπνεύκᾰμεν | πεπνεύκᾰτε | πεπνεύκᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | πεπνεύκω | πεπνεύκῃς | πεπνεύκῃ | πεπνεύκητον | πεπνεύκητον | πεπνεύκωμεν | πεπνεύκητε | πεπνεύκωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πεπνεύκοιμῐ, πεπνευκοίην | πεπνεύκοις, πεπνευκοίης | πεπνεύκοι, πεπνευκοίη | πεπνεύκοιτον | πεπνευκοίτην | πεπνεύκοιμεν | πεπνεύκοιτε | πεπνεύκοιεν | |||||
imperative | πέπνευκε | πεπνευκέτω | πεπνεύκετον | πεπνευκέτων | πεπνεύκετε | πεπνευκόντων | |||||||
middle/ passive | indicative | πέπνῡμαι | πέπνῡσαι | πέπνῡται | πέπνῡσθον | πέπνῡσθον | πεπνῡ́μεθᾰ | πέπνῡσθε | πέπνῡνται | ||||
subjunctive | πεπνῡμένος ὦ | πεπνῡμένος ᾖς | πεπνῡμένος ᾖ | πεπνῡμένω ἦτον | πεπνῡμένω ἦτον | πεπνῡμένοι ὦμεν | πεπνῡμένοι ἦτε | πεπνῡμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πεπνῡμένος εἴην | πεπνῡμένος εἴης | πεπνῡμένος εἴη | πεπνῡμένω εἴητον/εἶτον | πεπνῡμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην | πεπνῡμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν | πεπνῡμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε | πεπνῡμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν | |||||
imperative | πέπνῡσο | πεπνῡ́σθω | πέπνῡσθον | πεπνῡ́σθων | πέπνῡσθε | πεπνῡ́σθων | |||||||
active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
infinitive | πεπνευκέναι | πεπνῦσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | πεπνευκώς | πεπνῡμένος | ||||||||||
f | πεπνευκυῖᾰ | πεπνῡμένη | |||||||||||
n | πεπνευκός | πεπνῡμένον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Synonyms
- ψύχω (psúkhō)
Derived terms
- ἀνᾰπνέω (anapnéō)
- ἀντῐπνέω (antipnéō)
- ἄπνευστος (ápneustos)
- ἀποπνέω (apopnéō)
- δῐᾰπνέω (diapnéō)
- εἰσπνέω (eispnéō)
- ἐκπνέω (ekpnéō)
- ἐμπνέω (empnéō)
- ἐπῐπνέω (epipnéō)
- ἡδύπνευστος (hēdúpneustos)
- θεόπνευστος (theópneustos)
- κᾰτᾰπνέω (katapnéō)
- μετᾰπνέω (metapnéō)
- νεόπνευστος (neópneustos)
- πᾰρᾰπνέω (parapnéō)
- περιπνέω (peripnéō)
- πνευμόρρωξ (pneumórrhōx)
- προσπνέω (prospnéō)
- πῠρίπνευστος (purípneustos)
- σῠμπνέω (sumpnéō)
- ὑπερπνέω (huperpnéō)
- ὑποπνέω (hupopnéō)
Related terms
- πνεῦμᾰ (pneûma)
- πνεύμων (pneúmōn)
- πνεῦσῐς (pneûsis)
- πνευστιάω (pneustiáō)
- πνευστῐκός (pneustikós)
- πνοή (pnoḗ)
Descendants
- Greek: πνέω (pnéo)
References
- “πνέω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πνέω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “πνέω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- πνέω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- πνέω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “πνέω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G4154 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek πνέω (pnéō).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpne.o/
- Hyphenation: πνέ‧ω
Verb
πνέω • (pnéo) (past έπνευσα, passive —)
- blow
Conjugation
πνέω (active forms only)
Active voice ➤ | ||||
Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | ||
Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | ||
1 sg | πνέω | πνεύσω | ||
2 sg | πνέεις | πνεύσεις | ||
3 sg | πνέει | πνεύσει | ||
1 pl | πνέουμε, [‑ομε] | πνεύσουμε, [‑ομε] | ||
2 pl | πνέετε | πνεύσετε | ||
3 pl | πνέουν(ε) | πνεύσουν(ε) | ||
Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | ||
1 sg | έπνεα | έπνευσα | ||
2 sg | έπνεες | έπνευσες | ||
3 sg | έπνεε | έπνευσε | ||
1 pl | πνέαμε | πνεύσαμε | ||
2 pl | πνέατε | πνεύσατε | ||
3 pl | έπνεαν, πνέαν(ε) | έπνευσαν, πνεύσαν(ε) | ||
Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | ||
1 sg | θα πνέω ➤ | θα πνεύσω ➤ | ||
2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα πνέεις, … | θα πνεύσεις, … | ||
Perfect aspect ➤ | ||||
Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … πνεύσει | |||
Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … πνεύσει | |||
Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … πνεύσει | |||
Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | ||
2 sg | πνέε | πνεύσε | ||
2 pl | πνέετε | πνεύστε | ||
Other forms | ||||
Active present participle ➤ | πνέοντας ➤ | |||
Active perfect participle ➤ | έχοντας πνεύσει ➤ | |||
Passive perfect participle ➤ | — | |||
Nonfinite form ➤ | πνεύσει | |||
Notes Appendix:Greek verbs | • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Derived terms
- πνέω μένεα (pnéo ménea, “I am very angry -literlly: I breathe heavily from wrath-”)
- πνέω τα λοίσθια (pnéo ta loísthia, “to breathe one's last”)
Related terms
- αναπνέω (anapnéo, “I breathe”)
- αποπνέω (apopnéo, “I give off, emit”)
- διαπνέω (diapnéo, “I inspire”)
- εισπνέω (eispnéo, “I inhale”)
- εκπνέω (ekpnéo, “I exhale”)
- εμπνέω (empnéo, “I inspire”)
From stems πνε-, πνευσ-, πνευμ- and πνο-
- απνευστί (apnefstí, “without stopping”, adverb)
- άπνοια f (ápnoia, “stillness; without breath”)
- δύσπνοια f (dýspnoia, “dyspnoea, breathlessness”)
- δυσπνοϊκός (dyspnoïkós, “suffering from breathlessness”)
- θεόπνευστος (theópnefstos, “inspired by God”)
- μακρόπνοος (makrópnoos, “far-reaching”)
- μεγαλόπνευστος (megalópnefstos, “of high inspiration”)
- ξέπνοος (xépnoos, “breathless”)
- πνεύμα n (pnévma, “spirit”) & related
- πνεύμονας m (pnévmonas, “lung”) & related
- πνευστά n pl (pnefstá, “wind instruments”) (music)
- πνευστός (pnefstós, “functioning with air”)
- πνοή f (pnoḯ, “breath; breeze”) & related
- σύμπνοια f (sýmpnoia)