οὕτως
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- οὕτω (hoútō) – sometimes before a consonant
- οὑτωσῑ́ (houtōsī́) – emphatic
Etymology
Adverb from οὗτος (hoûtos, “this”) + -ως (-ōs, adverbial ending).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /hǔː.tɔːs/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈ(h)u.tos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈu.tos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈu.tos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈu.tos/
Adverb
οὕτως • (hoútōs) (demonstrative adverb)
- in this manner, thus, so
- Homer, Iliad 4.178
- Homer, Odyssey 4.148
- Sophocles, Women of Trachis 475
- Plato, Ion 534A
- Sophocles, Women of Trachis 112
- Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.1, (compare Theocritus, Collected Works 7.45)
- Isocrates, Collected Works 269B
- Plato, The Republic 370A
- Xenophon, Anabasis 2.2.2
- Demosthenes, On the Crown 244
- Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.10
- Homer, Iliad 2.158
- Homer, Odyssey 5.204
- Homer, Iliad 15.201
- Homer, Odyssey 9.262
- Homer, Iliad 24.373
- Homer, Odyssey 19.300
- even so, just so
- Homer, Odyssey 11.348
- Xenophon, Oeconomicus 1.9
- Plato, The Republic 551B
- (with imperative, added emphasis)
- Homer, Iliad 21.184, (compare Odyssey 5.146)
- (the introduction of the apodosis after a protasis)
- Herodotus, Histories 7.158
- Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.131
- Herodotus, Histories 2.92
- Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.96
- Plato, Philebus 44E, (compare Gorgias 457C)
- Xenophon, Anabasis 7.1.4
- Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.15
- (in a really inferential sense) so, therefore
- Sophocles, Antigone 677
- Plato, Phaedo 61B
- (with an adjective or adverb) so, so much, so excessively
- Homer, Iliad 3.169
- Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1056
- Aristophanes, The Birds 63
- Herodotus, Histories 1.32
- Plato, The Republic 477A
- Xenophon, Anabasis 7.4.3
- Herodotus, Histories 4.52
- Sophocles, Antigone 220
- Aristophanes, The Acharnians 736
- Herodotus, Histories 4.28
- Herodotus, Histories 3.12
- (sometimes used like αὔτως (aútōs)) so, merely, simply
- Homer, Iliad 2.120
- Plato, Symposium 176E
- Plato, Gorgias 464B
- Plato, Laws 633C
- Sophocles, Philoctetes 1067
- Sophocles, Antigone 315
- Plato, Euthyphro 3B
- Plato, Lysis 216A
- Plato, Philebus 12C
- Euripides, Alcestis 680
Usage notes
οὕτω (hoútō) is only used before a consonant, while οὕτως (hoútōs) must be used before a vowel and can be used before a consonant. οὑτωσῑ́ (houtōsī́) is a strengthened form found in Attic. οὕτως (hoútōs) is often left out after ὡς (hōs). οὕτως (hoútōs) generally comes immediately before the word it modifies, but is sometimes after, especially in poetry, and is sometimes not immediately before. The last syllable in οὕτω (hoútō) is sometimes shortened in Homer before a vowel (correption).
Derived terms
- οὕτω νῦν Ζεὺς θείη (hoútō nûn Zeùs theíē, “so help me God”)
- οὕτω ποτ' ἦν μῦς καὶ γαλῆ (hoútō pot' ên mûs kaì galê, “once upon a time”)
- οὕτως ἔχειν (hoútōs ékhein, “so much for”)
- ὁ οὕτω λεγόμενος (ho hoútō legómenos, “so called”)
See also
Ancient Greek correlatives (edit)
type | interrogative | indefinite | (medial) demonstrative | proximal demonstrative | distal demonstrative | relative | indefinite relative | identity | other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic | τίς | τις, ἔνιοι | †ὁ, οὗτος | ὅδε | ἐκεῖνος | ὅς | ὅστις | ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός | ἕτερος, ἄλλος |
dual | πότερος | πότερος, ποτερός | ὁπότερος | ||||||
quality | ποῖος | ποιός | †τοῖος, τοιοῦτος | τοιόσδε | οἷος | ὁποῖος | ὅμοιος | ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος | |
quantity | πόσος | ποσός | †τόσος, τοσοῦτος | τοσόσδε | ὅσος | ὁπόσος | |||
manner | πῶς | πως | †τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως | ὧδε | ὡς | ὅπως | ὁμῶς | ἑτέρως, ἄλλως | |
method, path, place | πῇ | πῃ | τῇ, ταύτῃ | τῇδε | ἐκείνῃ | ᾗ | ὅπῃ | ἄλλῃ | |
place | ποῦ, †πόθι | που, †ποθι | ἐνταῦθα | ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι | οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι | ὅπου, †ὁπόθι | αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ | ἄλλοθι | |
source | πόθεν | ποθεν | †τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν | ἐνθένδε | ἐκεῖθεν | ὅθεν | ὁπόθεν | †ὁμόθεν | ἄλλοθεν |
destination | ποῖ, †πόσε | ποι | ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα | ἐνθάδε | ἐκεῖσε | οἷ | ὅποι, †ὁπόσε | αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε | ἄλλοσε |
time | πότε, πῆμος | ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε | τότε, τῆμος | τημόσδε | ὅτε, ἦμος | ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος | ἅμα | ἄλλοτε | |
exact time | πηνίκα | †τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα | τηνικάδε | ἡνίκα | ὁπηνίκα | αὐτίκα | |||
duration of time | τέως | ἕως | |||||||
size, age | πηλίκος | πηλίκος | †τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος | τηλικόσδε | ἡλίκος | ὁπηλίκος | ὁμῆλιξ | ||
repetition | ποσάκις, ποσίνδα | ποσάκις | τουτάκις, τοσάκις | †ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις | ὁποσάκις | ||||
multiplication | ποσαπλάσιος | ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων | |||||||
order | πόστος | ποστός | ὁπόστος | ||||||
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions. |
Further reading
- “οὕτως”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “οὕτως”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- οὕτως in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- οὕτως in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- G3779 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- case idem, page 116.
- rate idem, page 673.
- so idem, page 790.
- strain idem, page 822.
- this idem, page 867.
- thus idem, page 873.