οἷος
See also: οἶος
Ancient Greek
Etymology
From ὅς (hós, relative pronoun) + -ιος (-ios, adjectival suffix).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /hôi̯.os/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈ(h)y.os/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈy.os/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈy.os/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈi.os/
Determiner
οἷος • (hoîos) (feminine οἵᾱ, neuter οἷον)
- relative adjective of quality such as; what sort, manner, kind of
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.630
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.758
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.275
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.298
- introducing an exclamation
- (in an independent clause) what a (great, terrible) ...!
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.455:
- οἷον ἔειπες.
- hoîon éeipes.
- What a terrible thing you have said!
- οἷον ἔειπες.
- 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 142B:
- οἷον ἄνδρα λέγεις ἐν κινδύνῳ εἶναι.
- hoîon ándra légeis en kindúnōi eînai.
- 1921 translation by Harold N. Fowler
- What a [great] man he is who you say is in danger!
- οἷον ἄνδρα λέγεις ἐν κινδύνῳ εἶναι.
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1256
- 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 733
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 450A
- 399 BCE, Plato, Euthyphro 15E
- (in a subordinate clause) the (great, terrible) sort that
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 3.1.15:
- ἐγώ, ὦ ἄνδρες λοχαγοί, οὔτε καθεύδειν δύναμαι, ὥσπερ οἶμαι οὐδ’ ὑμεῖς, οὔτε κατακεῖσθαι ἔτι, ὁρῶν ἐν οἵοις ἐσμέν.
- egṓ, ô ándres lokhagoí, oúte katheúdein dúnamai, hṓsper oîmai oud’ humeîs, oúte katakeîsthai éti, horôn en hoíois esmén.
- Commanders, I can neither sleep, as I suppose neither can you, nor lie down, seeing the terrible sort of situation we are in.
- ἐγώ, ὦ ἄνδρες λοχαγοί, οὔτε καθεύδειν δύναμαι, ὥσπερ οἶμαι οὐδ’ ὑμεῖς, οὔτε κατακεῖσθαι ἔτι, ὁρῶν ἐν οἵοις ἐσμέν.
- 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 624
- 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1402
- 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1488
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 3.2.12
- (in an independent clause) what a (great, terrible) ...!
- containing a comparison, and sometimes an inference
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.591
- 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1296
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.317
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 399
- 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 21
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.376
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.146
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 607
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1046
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.6.19
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.208
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.157
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.106
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.35
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.638
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.348
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 313A
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Timocrates 185
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.263
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.21
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.9.3
- 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Parmenides 161B
- in many Homeric expressions the omission of the antecedent clause is to be noticed
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.95
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.347
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.611
- especially in Attic often stands for ὅτι τοῖος/τοία/τοῖον (hóti toîos/toía/toîon), so that the relative introduces the reason for the preceding statement
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.166
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 16.93
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.479
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.31
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.41
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 117C
- 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 701
- if it is to be intimated that the reason is self-evident, and the assertion is beyond doubt, then δή (dḗ) is added
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.376
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.146
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 607
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1046
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.6.19
- but if the comparison or inference only denotes a general or doubtful resemblance, then Homer uses οἷός τε (hoîós te)
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.208
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.157
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 7.106
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.35
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.638
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.348
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 313A
- when a comparison involves a definition of time οἷος ὅτε (hoîos hóte) is used
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.462
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.227
- many brief Attic expressions are also explained by the omission of the demonstrative pronoun before οἷος (hoîos)
- 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 966
- 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 447C
- 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 481B
- never used like the adverb οἷον (hoîon) with a positive adjective
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.653
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.94
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.108
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.493
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.28
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.8.2
- οἷος (hoîos) with an infinitive implies fitness or ability in or for a thing
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.3.13
- 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 487D
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Aristogiton 1 2
- 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 395A
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 415E
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.12
- 380 BCE, Plato, Euthydemus 272A
- 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Fr. 159S
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, First Philippic 9
- 4th century BC, Isaeus, Ciron 21
- 250 CE – 350 CE, Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 7.345D
- but this sense is commonly expressed by οἷος τε (hoîos te)
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 21.117
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.29
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.67
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.91
- 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 343
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.16
- 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, On the Peace 69
- 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 3.90.5
- 93 CE – 94 CE, Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 4.6.3
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.80
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.194
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.14
- (without infinitive)
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 314D
- 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Evagoras 9
- 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 198
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 349E
- 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Parmenides 144B
- 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 449D
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 387C
- 341 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Chersonese 75
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 1313A.39
- 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Essays in Portraiture (Images) 3
- the relative is in Attic often repeated in the same clause
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 751
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 994
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1045
- 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 144
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.29
- 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 195A
Inflection
First and second declension of οἷος; οἵᾱ; οἷον (Attic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | οἷος hoîos | οἵᾱ hoíā | οἷον hoîon | οἵω hoíō | οἵᾱ hoíā | οἵω hoíō | οἷοι hoîoi | οἷαι hoîai | οἷᾰ hoîa | |||||
Genitive | οἵου hoíou | οἵᾱς hoíās | οἵου hoíou | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵαιν hoíain | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵων hoíōn | οἵων hoíōn | οἵων hoíōn | |||||
Dative | οἵῳ hoíōi | οἵᾳ hoíāi | οἵῳ hoíōi | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵαιν hoíain | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵοις hoíois | οἵαις hoíais | οἵοις hoíois | |||||
Accusative | οἷον hoîon | οἵᾱν hoíān | οἷον hoîon | οἵω hoíō | οἵᾱ hoíā | οἵω hoíō | οἵους hoíous | οἵᾱς hoíās | οἷᾰ hoîa | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
οἷον hoîon | — | — | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
First and second declension of οἷος; οἵη; οἷον (Epic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | οἷος hoîos | οἵη hoíē | οἷον hoîon | οἵω hoíō | οἵᾱ hoíā | οἵω hoíō | οἷοι hoîoi | οἷαι hoîai | οἷᾰ hoîa | |||||
Genitive | οἵου / οἱοῖο / οἵοιο / οἱόο / οἵοο hoíou / hoioîo / hoíoio / hoióo / hoíoo | οἵης hoíēs | οἵου / οἱοῖο / οἵοιο / οἱόο / οἵοο hoíou / hoioîo / hoíoio / hoióo / hoíoo | οἵοιῐν hoíoiin | οἵαιν / οἵαιῐν / οἵῃῐν hoíai(i)n / hoíēiin | οἵοιῐν hoíoiin | οἵων hoíōn | οἱᾱ́ων / οἱέ͜ων / οἱῶν hoiā́ōn / hoié͜ōn / hoiôn | οἵων hoíōn | |||||
Dative | οἵῳ hoíōi | οἵῃ hoíēi | οἵῳ hoíōi | οἵοιῐν hoíoiin | οἵαιν / οἵαιῐν / οἵῃῐν hoíai(i)n / hoíēiin | οἵοιῐν hoíoiin | οἵοισῐ / οἵοισῐν / οἵοις hoíoisi(n) / hoíois | οἵῃσῐ / οἵῃσῐν / οἵῃς / οἵαις hoíēisi(n) / hoíēis / hoíais | οἵοισῐ / οἵοισῐν / οἵοις hoíoisi(n) / hoíois | |||||
Accusative | οἷον hoîon | οἵην hoíēn | οἷον hoîon | οἵω hoíō | οἵᾱ hoíā | οἵω hoíō | οἵους hoíous | οἵᾱς hoíās | οἷᾰ hoîa | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
οἷον hoîon | — | — | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
First and second declension of οἷος; οἵη; οἷον (Ionic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | οἷος hoîos | οἵη hoíē | οἷον hoîon | οἵω hoíō | οἵᾱ hoíā | οἵω hoíō | οἷοι hoîoi | οἷαι hoîai | οἷᾰ hoîa | |||||
Genitive | οἵου hoíou | οἵης hoíēs | οἵου hoíou | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵαιν hoíain | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵων hoíōn | οἱέων / οἱῶν hoiéōn / hoiôn | οἵων hoíōn | |||||
Dative | οἵῳ hoíōi | οἵῃ hoíēi | οἵῳ hoíōi | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵαιν hoíain | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵοισῐ / οἵοισῐν / οἵοις hoíoisi(n) / hoíois | οἵῃσῐ / οἵῃσῐν hoíēisi(n) | οἵοισῐ / οἵοισῐν / οἵοις hoíoisi(n) / hoíois | |||||
Accusative | οἷον hoîon | οἵην hoíēn | οἷον hoîon | οἵω hoíō | οἵᾱ hoíā | οἵω hoíō | οἵους hoíous | οἵᾱς hoíās | οἷᾰ hoîa | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
οἷον hoîon | — | — | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
First and second declension of οἷος; οἵᾱ; οἷον (Doric)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | οἷος hoîos | οἵᾱ hoíā | οἷον hoîon | οἵω hoíō | οἵᾱ hoíā | οἵω hoíō | οἷοι hoîoi | οἷαι hoîai | οἷᾰ hoîa | |||||
Genitive | οἵοιο hoíoio | οἵᾱς hoíās | οἵοιο hoíoio | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵαιν hoíain | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵων hoíōn | οἱᾶν hoiân | οἵων hoíōn | |||||
Dative | οἵῳ hoíōi | οἵᾳ hoíāi | οἵῳ hoíōi | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵαιν hoíain | οἵοιν hoíoin | οἵοις hoíois | οἵαις hoíais | οἵοις hoíois | |||||
Accusative | οἷον hoîon | οἵᾱν hoíān | οἷον hoîon | οἵω hoíō | οἵᾱ hoíā | οἵω hoíō | οἵους hoíous | οἵᾱς hoíās | οἷᾰ hoîa | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
οἷον hoîon | — | — | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
- ἄλλοιος (álloios)
- ἑτεροῖος (heteroîos)
- οἷον (hoîon, adverb)
- ὅμοιος (hómoios)
- ἀνόμοιος (anómoios)
- παρόμοιος (parómoios)
- προσόμοιος (prosómoios)
- παντοῖος (pantoîos)
See also
Ancient Greek correlatives (edit)
type | interrogative | indefinite | (medial) demonstrative | proximal demonstrative | distal demonstrative | relative | indefinite relative | identity | other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic | τίς | τις, ἔνιοι | †ὁ, οὗτος | ὅδε | ἐκεῖνος | ὅς | ὅστις | ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός | ἕτερος, ἄλλος |
dual | πότερος | πότερος, ποτερός | ὁπότερος | ||||||
quality | ποῖος | ποιός | †τοῖος, τοιοῦτος | τοιόσδε | οἷος | ὁποῖος | ὅμοιος | ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος | |
quantity | πόσος | ποσός | †τόσος, τοσοῦτος | τοσόσδε | ὅσος | ὁπόσος | |||
manner | πῶς | πως | †τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως | ὧδε | ὡς | ὅπως | ὁμῶς | ἑτέρως, ἄλλως | |
method, path, place | πῇ | πῃ | τῇ, ταύτῃ | τῇδε | ἐκείνῃ | ᾗ | ὅπῃ | ἄλλῃ | |
place | ποῦ, †πόθι | που, †ποθι | ἐνταῦθα | ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι | οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι | ὅπου, †ὁπόθι | αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ | ἄλλοθι | |
source | πόθεν | ποθεν | †τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν | ἐνθένδε | ἐκεῖθεν | ὅθεν | ὁπόθεν | †ὁμόθεν | ἄλλοθεν |
destination | ποῖ, †πόσε | ποι | ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα | ἐνθάδε | ἐκεῖσε | οἷ | ὅποι, †ὁπόσε | αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε | ἄλλοσε |
time | πότε, πῆμος | ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε | τότε, τῆμος | τημόσδε | ὅτε, ἦμος | ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος | ἅμα | ἄλλοτε | |
exact time | πηνίκα | †τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα | τηνικάδε | ἡνίκα | ὁπηνίκα | αὐτίκα | |||
duration of time | τέως | ἕως | |||||||
size, age | πηλίκος | πηλίκος | †τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος | τηλικόσδε | ἡλίκος | ὁπηλίκος | ὁμῆλιξ | ||
repetition | ποσάκις, ποσίνδα | ποσάκις | τουτάκις, τοσάκις | †ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις | ὁποσάκις | ||||
multiplication | ποσαπλάσιος | ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων | |||||||
order | πόστος | ποστός | ὁπόστος | ||||||
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions. |
References
- “οἷος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “οἷος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “οἷος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- οἷος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- οἷος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- kind idem, page 469.
- sort idem, page 795.
- such idem, page 834.