šꜣd

šꜣd

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ʃɑd/
  • Conventional anglicization: shad

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to dig out (a canal, a tomb, a well, etc.)
2. (transitive) to dredge (a blocked-up canal)

Inflection

Conjugation of šꜣd (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: šꜣd, geminated stem: šꜣdd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
šꜣd	šꜣdw, šꜣd	šꜣdt	šꜣd	šꜣd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
šꜣd	ḥr šꜣd	m šꜣd	r šꜣd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	šꜣd.n	šꜣdw, šꜣd	consecutive	šꜣd.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	šꜣdt
perfective3	šꜣd	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative	šꜣd.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	šꜣd	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	šꜣd	šꜣdd	potentialis	šꜣd.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	šꜣd	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	šꜣd.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	šꜣd	active + .tj1, .tw2	šꜣd	šꜣd, šꜣdw5, šꜣdy5
imperfective	šꜣd, šꜣdy, šꜣdw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	šꜣd, šꜣdj6, šꜣdy6	šꜣd, šꜣdw5
prospective	šꜣd, šꜣdtj7	—	šꜣdtj4, šꜣdt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

References

• Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 414.11–415.4