ēst
See also: est, Est, EST, êst, -est, est., and Est.
Latvian
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēˀstei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”). Cognates include Lithuanian ė́sti (“to eat (of animals), to swallow, to gobble”), Old Prussian īst (< *ēst), īstwei, Sudovian ezd ([ēzd]) (< *ēst), Proto-Slavic *ěsti (whence Old Church Slavonic ꙗсти (jasti), Russian есть (jestʹ), Belarusian е́сці (jésci), Ukrainian ї́сти (jísty), Bulgarian ям (jam), Czech jíst, Polish jeść), Gothic 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (itan), 𐌰𐍆𐌴𐍄𐌾𐌰 (afētja, “eater”), Old Norse eta, German essen, English eat, Hittite [Term?] (/ed-/), [Term?] (/ad-/), Sanskrit अत्ति (atti, “he eats”) (first-person singular present tense अद्मि (admi, “I eat”)), Ancient Greek ἔδω (édō), Latin edō.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɛ̂ːst]
Verb
ēst (tr., 1st conj., pres. ēdu, ēd, ēd, past ēdu)
- to eat (to take food into one's mouth in order to chew and swallow it)
- ēst maizi, gaļu ― to eat bread, meat
- ēst kartupeļus, zupu ― to eat potatoes, soup
- aicināt ēst ― to invite to eat
- man gribas ēst ― I want to eat (= I am hungry)
- pat saldējumu viņa ēda pavisam savādāk nekā citas meitenes ― even ice cream she ate quite differently from the other girls
- pie galda sasēdušies, visi ēda klusu ― having sat at the table, they all ate silently
- to eat, to have (to consume a meal)
- ēst brokastis, pusdienas ― to have breakfast, lunch
- ēst launagu ― to have a snack
- viņi varēja iet rotaļas... un pēcāk visi kopā ēst vakariņas ― they could go play... and later on all together have dinner
- (colloquial, of insects) to sting, to bite
- kad saules karstums kļuva neciešams, dunduri un odi ēda viņu kailās muguras ― when the sun heat became unbearable, the horseflies and mosquitoes ate their naked backs
- (of pests) to eat, to kill, to destroy
- dārzā spradži ēda kapostus nost ― in the garden, the flea-beetles ate the cabbages away
- (colloquial, of chemical or mechanical processes) to eat, to destroy; to make disappear
- rūsa ēd dzelzi ― rust eats iron
- skābe ēd metālu ― acid eats metal
- saule Bišudruvu dārzā un sētā ēda un kausēja sniegu dienās, migla siltajās naktīs ― in the garden and backyard of the Bišudruvu (family), the sun ate and melted the snow during the day, and the fog (did the same) in the warm nights
- (colloquial) to nag, to harass, to criticize constantly, to cause pain to
- labi, ka virtuvē nebija saimnieces; tā viņu vienmēr ēda kā par veco kannu, kā par sarūsējušo mazgājamo bļodu ― good that the landlady was not in the kitchen; she always nagged/harassed (lit ate) him like an old pot, like a rusty wash basin
- māte gan prot sabojāt garastāvokli... ko viņa mani nav ēdusi šo nelaimīgu matu dēļ! ― mother really knows how to spoil the mood... what (= how often) hasn't she nagged/harassed me about that damn hair!
Conjugation
conjugation of ēst
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) | Past (pagātne) | Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | ēdu | ēdu | ēdīšu | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | ēd | ēdi | ēdīsi | ēd |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | ēd | ēda | ēdīs | lai ēd |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | ēdam | ēdām | ēdīsim | ēdīsim |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | ēdat | ēdāt | ēdīsiet, ēdīsit | ēdiet |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | ēd | ēda | ēdīs | lai ēd |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | ēdot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | ēdošs | ||
| Past | esot ēdis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | ēzdams | ||
| Future | ēdīšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | ēdot | ||
| Imperative | lai ēdot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | ēdam | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | ēdis | |||
| Present | ēstu | Present Passive | ēdams | ||
| Past | būtu ēdis | Past Passive | ēsts | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jāēd | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | ēst | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jāēd | Negative Infinitive | neēst | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jāēdot | Verbal noun | ēšana | ||
Synonyms
- (of "sting", "bite"): dzelt, kost
Derived terms
- prefixed verbs:
- aizēst
- apēst
- ieēst
- izēst
- noēst
- paēst
- pieēst
- saēst
- uzēst
- other derived terms:
- ēdājs, ēdāja
- ēdiens, ēdienkarte, ēdienreize
- ēdināt
- ēdnīca
Related terms
- ēsma
See also
- dzert
References
- Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “ēst”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN