ārs
Latvian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *ar-, *arə- (“to plow”) (compare Latvian art), whence also the lexicalized variant āre (“open space; cultivated land”) and the verb art (“to plough”).
The adverb ārā (“outside”) is the corresponding locative case form; in 16th- and 17th-century sources an old illative form āran is also used. The original meaning of ārs was thus “ploughed, tilled field.” Cognates include Lithuanian óras (“air; outside; sky; weather”), Hittite [Term?] (/arẖa/, “region, coast; away, outside”), [Term?] (/arẖi-/, “in a plain, in a glade, outside”), Lydian 𐤠𐤠𐤭𐤠 (aara, “fence, fenced area, rural property”), Albanian arë (“field”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [âːɾs]
Noun
ārs m (1st declension)
- exterior, outside (the space in the outside of a building, house, etc.)
- skraidīt pa āru ― to run outside
- āra gaiss slimniecei varēja nākt tikai par labu ― outside air could only be a good thing for the hospital
- no āra ienāceji vispirms iekļuva virtuvē, tad mazajā istabiņā ar diviem lodziņiem ― the newcomers from outside first went into the kitchen, then into a little room with two little windows
- (chiefly genitive, used adjectivally) external, outside, outer
- āra logs ― external, outside window
- āra durvis ― outer door
- out, outside (of something, some object)
- dīvānam vidū bija bedre un dažas atsperes izspiedušās uz āru ― in the middle of the coach there was a hole and several springs were bulging out
- (poetic) open space, open, outdoors; cultivated land, fields
- āros māsa uzaugusi, / aizved purva maliņā ― (my) sister grew up in the open, / taken away to the edge of the swamp
- lūk, zeme zied; viens kūpošs ziedu ārs ― look! the earth is blooming; one hazy field of flowers!
Usage notes
The term ārs (“exterior, outside”) is most often used as an adverb, in the locative (ārā), or then in compounds, in the genitive (āra), where it is usually reduced to ār-.
Declension
| singular (vienskaitlis) | plural (daudzskaitlis) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (nominatīvs) | ārs | — |
| accusative (akuzatīvs) | āru | — |
| genitive (ģenitīvs) | āra | — |
| dative (datīvs) | āram | — |
| instrumental (instrumentālis) | āru | — |
| locative (lokatīvs) | ārā | — |
| vocative (vokatīvs) | ār | — |
Synonyms
- (of "external, outer"): ārējs
- (of "outside (of something)"): ārpuse, āriene
- (of "open area"; poetic): āre
Antonyms
- (of "(area) outside"): iekša
- (of "out, outside"): iekšā
- (of "external, outer"): iekšējs
Derived terms
- ārpasaule
- ārprāts, ārprātīgs
- ārsiena
- ārvalsts
- ārzemes, ārzemnieks, ārzemniece
Etymology 2
Via some other European language, ultimately from French are, formed on the basis of Latin ārea (“open space”) as a (rarely used) SI unit.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [āːɾs]
Noun
ārs m (1st declension)
- are (SI unit of area, equivalent to 100 square meters)
- netālu no Hjerkinnas (Norvēģijā) es dzelzceļa malā redzēju līdumu, 10 vai 15 āru platībā ― not far from Hjerkinna (in Norway) I saw a clearing at the side of a railway, in area about 10 or 15 ares
Declension
| singular (vienskaitlis) | plural (daudzskaitlis) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (nominatīvs) | ārs | āri |
| accusative (akuzatīvs) | āru | ārus |
| genitive (ģenitīvs) | āra | āru |
| dative (datīvs) | āram | āriem |
| instrumental (instrumentālis) | āru | āriem |
| locative (lokatīvs) | ārā | āros |
| vocative (vokatīvs) | ār | āri |
References
- Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “ārs”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN