ë
See also: Appendix:Variations of "e"
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Translingual
Letter
ë (upper case Ë)
- The letter e with a diaresis.
See also
- (Latin script): Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Sſs Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
- (Variations of letter E): Éé Èè Êê Ḙḙ Ěě Ĕĕ Ẽẽ Ḛḛ Ẻẻ Ėė Ëë Ēē Ȩȩ Ęę ᶒ Ɇɇ Ȅȅ Ếế Ềề Ễễ Ểể Ḝḝ Ḗḗ Ḕḕ Ȇȇ Ẹẹ Ệệ ⱸ ᴇ Ｅｅ Ææ Ǽǽ Ǣǣ & Œœ ᵫ
- (Letters using umlaut or diaresis sign): Ää Ǟǟ Ëë Ḧḧ Ïï Ḯḯ N̈n̈ Öö Ȫȫ Ṏṏ ẗ Üü Ǘǘ Ǚǚ Ǜǜ Ǖǖ Ṻṻ Ṳṳ Ẅẅ Ẍẍ Ÿÿ
Albanian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ə/ or silent.
Letter
ë (lower case Ë)
- The eighth letter of the Albanian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also
- (Latin-script letters) shkronjë; A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, Dh dh, E e, Ë ë, F f, G g, Gj gj, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, Nj nj, O o, P p, Q q, R r, Rr rr, S s, Sh sh, T t, Th th, U u, V v, X x, Xh xh, Y y, Z z, Zh zh
French
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ə/, /ɛ/
Letter
ë (lower case Ë)
- the letter “e” in words when it must be pronounced separately and not associated with preceding letter. E.g. “-gue” is normally pronounced /ɡ/ but “-guë” is pronounce /ɡy/ (like in aiguë, ciguë); “œ” is normally pronounced /e/ or /ɛ/ but “oë” is pronounced /o.ɛ/ (like in troëne, Noël)
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /e/
Letter
ë (lower case, upper case Ë)
- The close-mid front unrounded vowel as used in several Hungarian dialects;[1] more closed than the sound of e and shorter than that of é; used instead of e in certain, lexically determined places.
- Synonym: (literally: “closed e”) zárt e
- The symbol to indicate this sound.
Usage notes
It can distinguish certain words that are otherwise homophones in the current standard (so it can act like a phoneme), e.g. nem: nem (“gender, genus”) and nëm (“not”);[2] mentek: mentëk (“I save”), mentek (“exempt [plural]”), mëntëk (“you go [plural]”), and mëntek (“they went”).[3]
Declension
| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | ë | ë-k |
| accusative | ë-t | ë-ket |
| dative | ë-nek | ë-knek |
| instrumental | ë-vel | ë-kkel |
| causal-final | ë-ért | ë-kért |
| translative | ë-vé | ë-kké |
| terminative | ë-ig | ë-kig |
| essive-formal | ë-ként | ë-kként |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | ë-ben | ë-kben |
| superessive | ë-n | ë-ken |
| adessive | ë-nél | ë-knél |
| illative | ë-be | ë-kbe |
| sublative | ë-re | ë-kre |
| allative | ë-hez | ë-khez |
| elative | ë-ből | ë-kből |
| delative | ë-ről | ë-kről |
| ablative | ë-től | ë-ktől |
| non-attributive possessive - singular | ë-é | ë-ké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural | ë-éi | ë-kéi |
| Possessive forms of ë | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | ë-m | ë-im |
| 2nd person sing. | ë-d | ë-id |
| 3rd person sing. | ë-je | ë-i |
| 1st person plural | ë-nk | ë-ink |
| 2nd person plural | ë-tek | ë-itek |
| 3rd person plural | ë-jük | ë-ik |
Derived terms
- ë-zik → ë-zés, ë-ző
See also
- (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.
References
- …a zárt ë-t azonban lakosságunknak körülbelül 60%-a megkülönbözteti a nyílt e-től, tehát sokak számára természetes. Nem csupán nyelvjárási jelenség tehát, bár a nagyvárosi beszédből valóban hiányzik. (“…however, closed ë is distinguished from open e by approximately 60% of our population, so it is natural for many. Therefore, it is not only a dialectal phenomenon, although it is indeed missing from urban speech.”) In: Zimányi, Árpád. Nyelvhelyesség (’Standard Usage’). Eger: EKF Líceum Kiadó, 2005. A hatodik kiadás digitális változata (’Digital version of the sixth edition’), page 18.
- Ëe-ző szótár. Alapszókincs (Kiejtes.hu)
- Buvári Márta: Az „ë-zés” köznyelvisége (Kiejtes.hu)
Further reading
- Mindent a zárt ë hangról by László Fejes (Nyest.hu)
- Ilyen lënne az új helyësírás by László Fejes (Nyest.hu)
- Fejes László tévedései pontokba szedve by András Mészáros (Kiejtes.hu)
- Section 89 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ë in Pusztai, Ferenc (ed.). Magyar értelmező kéziszótár (’A Concise Explanatory Dictionary of Hungarian’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2003. 2nd, expanded and revised edition. →ISBN (The online version is available with registration for one 2-hour free trial per month.)
- Mészáros, András. Igényës (ë-ző) kiejtési kisszótár : adalékok a 15 magánhangzós magyar köznyelvi kiejtés mércéjének kialakításához. “Pocket dictionary of a discerning (ë-) pronunciation: contributions to shaping everyday standard Hungarian with 15 vowels.” 2nd, rev. ed. Bicske: Gondos Bt., 1999. →ISBN
Kashubian
Letter
ë (upper case Ë)
- The ninth letter of the Kashubian alphabet, called szwa and written in the Latin script.
See also
- (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, Ã ã, B b, C c, D d, E e, É é, Ë ë, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, O o, Ò ò, Ó ó, Ô ô, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ù ù, W w, Y y, Z z, Ż ż
Conjunction
ë
- and
Ladin
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɜ/
Letter
ë (upper case Ë)
- The open-mid central unrounded vowel as used in the Gherdëina variant of Ladin.
See also
- (Latin-script letters) A a (À à, Á á, Ä ä), B b, C c, D d, E e (Ë ë, É é, È è), F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, L l, M m, N n, O o (Ò ò, Ó ó, Ö ö), P p, Q q, R r, S s (Ś ś), T t, U u (Ù ù, Ú ú, Ü ü), V v, Z z
Middle High German
Etymology
In words spelled with this letter, the ë comes from Proto-Germanic *e (as in ëȥzen) or *i (as in lëben)
Letter
ë
- a letter of the normalised Middle High German spelling
Romani
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ə/
Letter
ë (lower case, upper case Ë)
- (International Standard) The letter e with the umlaut.
Usage notes
Although it is pronounced the same as ä, it indicates a dialectal pronunciation of e[1].
See also
- (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z zInternational Standard:(À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).
References
- Yūsuke Sumi (2018), “ë”, in ニューエクスプレス ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, →ISBN, page 16
Further reading
- Marcel Courthiade (2009), “DECISION : "THE ROMANI ALPHABET"”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (in Hungarian; English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 499
- “Introduction 3. How to read Rromani”, in R.E.D-RROM, accessed October 2, 2021
Slovene
Etymology 1
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- (sound): IPA(key): /joː/
- (sound, educated): IPA(key): /jɔ/
Letter
ë (lower case, upper case Ë)
- (linguistics) Letter used for transcription of Russian Ё / ё.
Etymology 2
Letter E with diaeresis (¨) to signify centralization.
Pronunciation
- (Resian, phoneme): IPA(key): /ə/
Letter
ë (lower case, upper case Ë)
- The ninth letter of the Resian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also
- e
- ē
- è
- é
- ȅ
- ȇ
- ê
- ḙ
- ẹ
- ə
References
- Toporišič, Jože (2001), “Slovaropisna pravila”, in Slovenski pravopis (in Slovene), Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU, →ISBN, page 178
- Steenwijk, Han (1994) Ortografia resiana = Tö jošt rozajanskë pïsanjë (in it, sl-rozaj), Padua: CLEUP