écumer
French
Etymology
From Middle French escumer, from Old French escumer. Synchronically analysable as écume + -er.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /e.ky.me/
Audio (file)
Verb
écumer
- (intransitive) to foam, foam up, froth, froth up
- (intransitive) to lather (as of a horse)
- (transitive) to unfoam, remove foam from
- (transitive) to take the scum off
- (transitive) to skim
- (figuratively) to scour (shops, etc., looking for something)
- (figuratively) to grift (to skim off profits etc.)
Conjugation
Conjugation of écumer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive | simple | écumer | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | écumant /e.ky.mɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | écumé /e.ky.me/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) | present | écume /e.kym/ | écumes /e.kym/ | écume /e.kym/ | écumons /e.ky.mɔ̃/ | écumez /e.ky.me/ | écument /e.kym/ |
imperfect | écumais /e.ky.mɛ/ | écumais /e.ky.mɛ/ | écumait /e.ky.mɛ/ | écumions /e.ky.mjɔ̃/ | écumiez /e.ky.mje/ | écumaient /e.ky.mɛ/ | |
past historic2 | écumai /e.ky.me/ | écumas /e.ky.ma/ | écuma /e.ky.ma/ | écumâmes /e.ky.mam/ | écumâtes /e.ky.mat/ | écumèrent /e.ky.mɛʁ/ | |
future | écumerai /e.kym.ʁe/ | écumeras /e.kym.ʁa/ | écumera /e.kym.ʁa/ | écumerons /e.kym.ʁɔ̃/ | écumerez /e.kym.ʁe/ | écumeront /e.kym.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | écumerais /e.kym.ʁɛ/ | écumerais /e.kym.ʁɛ/ | écumerait /e.kym.ʁɛ/ | écumerions /e.ky.mə.ʁjɔ̃/ | écumeriez /e.ky.mə.ʁje/ | écumeraient /e.kym.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) | present | écume /e.kym/ | écumes /e.kym/ | écume /e.kym/ | écumions /e.ky.mjɔ̃/ | écumiez /e.ky.mje/ | écument /e.kym/ |
imperfect2 | écumasse /e.ky.mas/ | écumasses /e.ky.mas/ | écumât /e.ky.ma/ | écumassions /e.ky.ma.sjɔ̃/ | écumassiez /e.ky.ma.sje/ | écumassent /e.ky.mas/ | |
(compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | écume /e.kym/ | — | écumons /e.ky.mɔ̃/ | écumez /e.ky.me/ | — | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Related terms
- écumer le pot
Further reading
- “écumer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.