whom
See also: who'm
English
Alternative forms
- whome (obsolete)
Etymology
From Middle English whom, wham, from Old English hwām, hwǣm, from Proto-Germanic *hwammai, dative case of *hwaz (“who, what”). Cognate with Scots wham (“whom”), German wem (“whom, to whom”), Danish hvem (“who, whom”), Swedish vem (“who, whom”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /huːm/
Audio (US) (file) Audio (GB) (file) - Rhymes: -uːm
Pronoun
whom (the singular and plural objective case of who) (formal)
- (interrogative) What person or people; which person or people.
- As the object of a verb.
- Whom did you ask?
- 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XVIII, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, OCLC 1227855:
- “Oh?” she said. “So you have decided to revise my guest list for me? You have the nerve, the – the –” I saw she needed helping out. “Audacity,” I said, throwing her the line. “The audacity to dictate to me who I shall have in my house.” It should have been “whom”, but I let it go. “You have the –” “Crust.” “– the immortal rind,” she amended, and I had to admit it was stronger, “to tell me whom” – she got it right that time – “I may entertain at Brinkley Court and who” – wrong again – “I may not.”
- As the object of a preposition.
- To whom are you referring?
- With whom were you talking?
- 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter I, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., OCLC 222716698:
- The stories did not seem to me to touch life. They were plainly intended to have a bracing moral effect, and perhaps had this result for the people at whom they were aimed.
- 1922, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:
- He read the letter aloud. Sophia listened with the studied air of one for whom, even in these days, a title possessed some surreptitious allurement.
- 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter I, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, OCLC 1227855:
- “A very hearty pip-pip to you, old ancestor,” I said, well pleased, for she is a woman with whom it is always a privilege to chew the fat. “And a rousing toodle-oo to you, you young blot on the landscape,” she replied cordially.
- As the object of a verb.
- (relative) Used to refer to a previously mentioned person or people.
- That is the woman whom I spoke to earlier. (defining)
- Mr Smith, whom we all know well, will be giving the speech. (non-defining)
- He's a person with whom I work. (defining)
- We have ten employees, half of whom are carpenters. (non-defining)
- 1935, George Goodchild, chapter 1, in Death on the Centre Court:
- “Anthea hasn't a notion in her head but to vamp a lot of silly mugwumps. She's set her heart on that tennis bloke […] whom the papers are making such a fuss about.”
- 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter I, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, OCLC 1227855:
- The eminent brain specialist to whom she alluded was a man I would not have cared to lunch with myself, our relations having been on the stiff side since the night at Lady Wickham's place in Hertfordshire when, acting on the advice of my hostess's daughter Roberta, I had punctured his hot-water bottle with a darning needle in the small hours of the morning. Quite unintentional, of course.
- (fused relative, archaic outside set patterns) The person(s) whom; whomever.
- To whom it may concern, all business of John Smith Ltd. has now been transferred to Floggitt & Runne.
Usage notes
- Who is a subject pronoun. Whom is an object pronoun. To determine whether a particular sentence uses a subject or an object pronoun, rephrase it to use he/she/they or him/her/them instead of who, whom; if you use he, she or they, then you use the subject pronoun who; if you use him, her or them, then you use the object pronoun. The same rule applies to whoever/whosoever/whoso and whomever/whomsoever/whomso.
- Who can also be used as an object pronoun, especially in informal writing and speech (hence one hears not only whom are you waiting for? but also who are you waiting for?), and whom may be seen as (overly) formal; in some dialects and contexts, it is hardly used, even in the most formal settings. As an exception to this, fronted prepositional phrases almost always use whom, e.g. one usually says with whom did you go?, not *with who did you go?. However, dialects in which whom is rarely used usually avoid fronting prepositional phrases in the first place (for example, using who did you go with?).
- The use of who as an object pronoun is proscribed by many authorities, but is frequent nonetheless. It is usually felt to be much more acceptable than the converse hypercorrection in which whom is misused in place of who, as in *the savage whom spoke to me.
- For more information, see "who" and "whom" on Wikipedia.
Usage examples
Subject (always who):
- Who ate my sandwich?
- There is the thief who ate my sandwich.
- i.e. The thief ate my sandwich.
Direct object:
- Who(m) did you see?
- I saw an old friend who(m) I had not seen for years.
- i.e. I saw an old friend.
Indirect object:
- Who(m) are you giving your apple to?
- She is the angel who(m) I'm giving my apple to.
- or
- To whom are you giving your apple? (fronted prepositional phrase, almost always whom)
- She is the angel to whom I'm giving my apple.
- i.e. I'm giving my apple to her.
Derived terms
Related terms
- to whom it may concern
- to whom this may concern
- whomever
- whom're
Translations
what person; object of a verb (accusative)
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what person or people, object of a preposition (dative)
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relative pronoun (object)
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked
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Anagrams
- how'm
Middle English
Alternative forms
- ȝwam, hom, home, huam, qwom, wam, wham, whem, whome, whoom, whoome
- (northern) quam, quem, quuam, qwam, whaim, whame, whaym
- (early) hwam, hwem, whamm, whæm
Etymology
From Old English hwām, hwǣm (dative of hwā), from Proto-West Germanic *hwammē (dative of *hwaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *hwammai (dative of *hwaz), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷósmey (dative of *kʷós).
Forms with short /a/ are generalised unstressed forms.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʍɔːm/, /ʍoːm/, /ʍam/
- (northern or early) IPA(key): /ʍɑːm/
Pronoun
whom (singular or plural, accusative and dative case, nominative who)
- (interrogative) (to) who, whom (accusative or dative)
- (relative) (to) who, whom (accusative or dative)
- c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 17:3, page 62v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:
- and þis is euerlaſtynge lijf .· þat þei knowen þee veri god aloone · ⁊ whom þou haſt ſent iheſu criſt
- Now this is eternal life, so they can know you, the true God alone, and Jesus Christ, who you have sent.
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- (relative) (to) whoever, whomever (accusative or dative)
- (relative, uncommon) that (accusative, inanimate)
- (indefinite, rare) (to) anyone, someone (usually accusative or dative)
Descendants
- English: whom
- Scots: wham
References
- “whōm, pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.