von
See also: vón, vốn, Vón, vȯņ, vōn, вон, and вонь
Cimbrian
Etymology 1
From Middle High German von, from Old High German fon (“from”), from Proto-Germanic *afanē, *fanē, *funē. Cognate with German von.
Preposition
von
- (Sette Comuni, + dative) from, of
- Von bannont khèmmatar? ― Where do you come from?
- Von béeme piisto? ― Whose are you? (literally, “Of whom are you?”)
- 'S gaplèttarakh von dennàndarn tüut nia bóol.
- Other people's stuff is never good.
- (literally, “The stuff of others never does well.”)
Alternative forms
- vo, bon
Derived terms
- ausonthiin von
- vomme
- von bassame
- vóndar
- von dèmme
- vònname
- vònnara
Contraction
von
- von + in, from the, of the
References
- “bon” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
Friulian
Etymology
Probably ultimately from a derivative of Latin avus, or a related term, possibly a diminutive. Compare Italian avo, avolo. Cf. also archaic Romanian bun (“grandfather”) (modern bunic), Calabrian Sicilian and Piedmontese bona (“grandmother”).
Noun
von m (plural vons)
- grandfather
- Synonym: nono
Related terms
- ave
- basavon
German
Etymology
From Middle High German von (“from”), from Old High German fon, fona (“from”), from Proto-Germanic *afanē, *fanē, *funē (“from”), compound of *afa (from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“from, off”)) + *ana (from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“on”)). Cognate with Old Saxon fana, fan (“from”), Dutch van (“from; of”), Old Frisian fon (“from”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /fɔn/, [fɔn]
audio (file)
Preposition
von (+ dative)
- from
- Ich fahre von Köln nach Hamburg.
- I'm travelling from Cologne to Hamburg.
- Ich hab’s von meiner Schwester gehört.
- I heard it from my sister.
- of, belonging to (often replacing genitive; see usage note below)
- das Auto meines Vaters = das Auto von meinem Vater ― my father’s car / the car of my father
- by (with passive voice)
- Synonym: durch
- Das Hotel wird von der Firma bezahlt.
- The hotel is paid for by the company.
- about, of (a topic)
- Er hat von seiner Jugend erzählt.
- He told about his youth.
- 1796, Abraham Sahlstedt, Schwedische Grammatik nach dem Sprachgebrauch unserer Zeiten, Lübeck & Leipzig, page 259:
- Von dem Nomine Substantivo, oder dem Hauptworte.
- About the substantive noun, or the [alternative term]. (headline)
- on, with (a resource)
- Von welchem Geld soll ich als Arbeitsloser in Urlaub fahren?
- Being unemployed, on what money should I go on holidays?
- Man kann nicht nur von Luft und Liebe leben.
- You can’t live on air and love alone. (proverb)
Usage notes
- (from): English “from” is generally expressed by means of von, but aus is often used with words for settlements and territories (like Land, Stadt, Dorf, as well as geographical names). One uses von when both the places “from which” and “to which” are given: Dieser Zug fährt von Köln nach Hamburg. – “This train goes from Cologne to Hamburg.” If the further direction is not given, aus is the normal choice: Dieser Zug kommt aus Köln. – “This train is coming from Cologne.” The phrase: Dieser Zug kommt von Köln is not wrong but has a colloquial ring to it.
- (of): The preposition von is used to replace possessive and partitive genitives, sometimes also prepositions that govern the genitive. Such replacement can be obligatory, optional, or restricted to the colloquial register:
- It is obligatory if the genitive cannot be expressed grammatically, which is the case with common nouns not preceded by any declinable articles, determiners, or adjectives: die Rechte von Kindern (“children’s rights”); der Geschmack von Käse (“the taste of cheese”). This is also true of most singular, demonstrative pronouns and often true of all personal pronouns: der Geschmack von diesem (“the taste of this”); ein Freund von mir (“a friend of mine”); *ein Freund meiner is archaic in modern German.
- The replacement is optional in cases such as the following:
- 1.) with those pronouns that do have an applicable genitive form, chiefly plurals: die Arbeit vieler = die Arbeit von vielen (“the work of many”);
- 2.) with fixed genitive pronoun expressions such as unser aller or ihrer beider, for example: für unser aller Zukunft = für die Zukunft von uns allen (“for the future of us all”), or when selbst follows the personal pronoun in the sense of oneself: ein Teil meiner selbst = ein Teil von mir (selbst) (“a part of myself”);
- 3.) with the numeral genitives zweier and dreier (see the Declension sections of zwei and drei);
- 4.) with proper nouns, particularly geographical names: die Kirchen Roms = die Kirchen von Rom (“the churches of Rome”);
- 5.) with common nouns preceded only by an adjective: die Rechte kleiner Kinder = die Rechte von kleinen Kindern (“small children’s rights”).
- The replacement is colloquial in most other cases. Any possessive or partitive genitive can, per se, be replaced with a von-phrase, which is normal in speech, and virtually obligatory in colloquial speech. In formal writing, however, it is generally considered incorrect and unusual. This is one of the gravest grammatical differences between colloquial and literary German.
- In older usage, Latin nouns often occurred in the ablative case after von. This is now obsolete, Latin case inflections never being used in contemporary German (except the genitives of a few personal names).
Derived terms
- vom
See also
- -s
Further reading
- “von” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
- Friedrich Kluge (1883), “von”, in , John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈvon]
- Hyphenation: von
- Rhymes: -on
Etymology 1
Of unknown origin.[1]
Verb
von
- (transitive) to pull, draw, attract
- Synonym: húz
- Félrevonta a barátját. ― He/she drew/pulled his/her friend aside.
- Magához vonta a lányt. ― He drew/pulled her closer to himself.
- Magára vonta a tanára figyelmét. ― He drew/attracted his teacher’s attention.
- (transitive) to cover, envelop, enclose, encircle, surround
- Synonyms: fed, befed, beborít
- Csokoládéval vonta be a felszínét. ― She covered its surface with chocolate.
- Élőláncot vontak az épület köré. ― They formed a human chain around the building. (literally, “they enclosed the building with…”)
- A varázsló pajzsot vont maga köré. ― The wizard surrounded himself with a shield.
Usage notes
Many terms formed with von are rendered in English with -tract, e.g. elvon (“to abstract”), összevon (“to contract”), levon (“to detract”), elvon (“to distract”), kivon (“to extract, subtract”), and visszavon (“to retract”).
Conjugation
conjugation of von
| 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal | 3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal | 1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal | 3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood | Present | Indef. | vonok | vonsz | von | vonunk | vontok | vonnak |
| Def. | vonom | vonod | vonja | vonjuk | vonjátok | vonják | ||
| 2nd-p. o. | vonlak | ― | ||||||
| Past | Indef. | vontam | vontál | vont | vontunk | vontatok | vontak | |
| Def. | vontam | vontad | vonta | vontuk | vontátok | vonták | ||
| 2nd-p. o. | vontalak | ― | ||||||
| Conditional mood | Present | Indef. | vonnék | vonnál | vonna | vonnánk | vonnátok | vonnának |
| Def. | vonnám | vonnád | vonná | vonnánk (or vonnók) | vonnátok | vonnák | ||
| 2nd-p. o. | vonnálak | ― | ||||||
| Subjunctive mood | Present | Indef. | vonjak | vonj or vonjál | vonjon | vonjunk | vonjatok | vonjanak |
| Def. | vonjam | vond or vonjad | vonja | vonjuk | vonjátok | vonják | ||
| 2nd-p. o. | vonjalak | ― | ||||||
| Infinitive | vonni | vonnom | vonnod | vonnia | vonnunk | vonnotok | vonniuk | |
| Other nonfinite verb forms | Verbal noun | Present participle | Past participle | Future part. | Adverbial part. | Potential | ||
| vonás | vonó | vont | vonandó | vonva | vonhat | |||
Derived terms
- vonaglik
- vonakodik
- vonal
- vonat
- vonás
- vonít
- vonogat
- vonó
- vonszol
- vontat
- vonul
- vonz
- vonyít
(With verbal prefixes):
- bevon
- belevon
- elvon
- felvon
- félrevon
- fölvon
- kivon
- levon
- megvon
- összevon
- visszavon
Expressions
- felelősségre von
- gyököt von
- kérdőre von
- kétségbe von
- levonja a tanulságot
- maga után von
- magával von
- vállat von
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Korean 원 (won, also 圓 in hanja), from Sinitic 圓／圆 (yuán, “circle” > “round coin”).
Noun
von
- won (currency)
Declension
| Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | von | vonok |
| accusative | vont | vonokat |
| dative | vonnak | vonoknak |
| instrumental | vonnal | vonokkal |
| causal-final | vonért | vonokért |
| translative | vonná | vonokká |
| terminative | vonig | vonokig |
| essive-formal | vonként | vonokként |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | vonban | vonokban |
| superessive | vonon | vonokon |
| adessive | vonnál | vonoknál |
| illative | vonba | vonokba |
| sublative | vonra | vonokra |
| allative | vonhoz | vonokhoz |
| elative | vonból | vonokból |
| delative | vonról | vonokról |
| ablative | vontól | vonoktól |
| non-attributive possessive - singular | voné | vonoké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural | vonéi | vonokéi |
| Possessive forms of von | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | vonom | vonjaim |
| 2nd person sing. | vonod | vonjaid |
| 3rd person sing. | vonja | vonjai |
| 1st person plural | vonunk | vonjaink |
| 2nd person plural | vonotok | vonjaitok |
| 3rd person plural | vonjuk | vonjaik |
References
- von in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Further reading
- von in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Icelandic
Etymology
From Old Norse ván, from Proto-Germanic *wēniz.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /vɔːn/
- Rhymes: -ɔːn
Noun
von f (genitive singular vonar, nominative plural vonir)
- hope
- expectation
Declension
declension of von
| f-s2 | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | von | vonin | vonir | vonirnar |
| accusative | von | vonina | vonir | vonirnar |
| dative | von | voninni | vonum | vonunum |
| genitive | vonar | vonarinnar | vona | vonanna |
Derived terms
- eiga von á (“to expect”)
- vongóður (“hopeful”)
- von bráðar (“soon”)
- til vonar og vara (“as a precaution”)
- ekki nema von (“no wonder!”)
- á dauða mínum átti ég von
Norwegian Nynorsk
Etymology 1
From Old Norse ván, vón, ón, from Proto-Germanic *wēniz.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʋuːn/
Noun
von f (definite singular vona, indefinite plural voner, definite plural vonene)
- hope
- expectation
- likelyhood, eventuality
- something that is showing promise
- (fishing) a place where one hopes to make a good catch
Synonyms
- (hope): håp
Etymology 2
From the Old Norse preposition án (“without”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʋuːn/
Adjective
von (singular and plural von)
- (rare) which one can make do without
Etymology 3
From German von. Doublet of van. The noun is derived from the preposition.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /fɔnː/
Preposition
von
- Used in German surnames.
- Synonyms: av, de, di, of, van
Noun
von m (definite singular vonen, indefinite plural vonar, definite plural vonane)
- (rare) a person with the preposition von in their name
Etymology 4
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
von
- imperative of vone
References
- “von” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Slovak
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *vъnъ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [von]
Adverb
von
- out, outwards
Further reading
- von in Slovak dictionaries at slovnik.juls.savba.sk
Swedish
Etymology
Borrowed from German von.
Preposition
von
- of; only used in surnames of nobility
- Synonyms: af, de
- Carl von Linné
- Carl Linnaeus
Anagrams
- nov
Vlax Romani
Pronoun
von
- they
Westrobothnian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /vúːn/, [ʋɯ̞́ᵝŋn], [ʋɯ́ᵝːɳ], [ʋóʊ̯ːn] (example of pronunciation)
- Rhymes: -úːn
Etymology 1
From Old Norse ván.
Noun
von f (definite singular vona)
- Hope, expectation that something will happen, opportunity.
- Dräp ej vona!
- Don't lose hope!
Related terms
- venäs
- vonvara
- vänt
Noun
von f (definite singular vona, plural voon, definite plural vonen)
- (agriculture) A determined task, undertaking.
- A distance of a field or meadow, of which every worker takes on their share for harvesting
- The width of a scythe, or his part of the field, that a haymaker mows where he walks.
- As great a width of the field strip, as the sowing man sows in the direction he is going.
- Synonym of vone.
Derived terms
- slottervon
- sävon (“the part or the width of the field, which is delegated to the one who sows”)
References
- Rietz, Johan Ernst, “von”, “von”, in Svenskt dialektlexikon: ordbok öfver svenska allmogespråket [Swedish dialectal lexicon: a dictionary for the Swedish lects] (in Swedish), 1962 edition, Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups Förlag, published 1862–1867, page 822, 840