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单词 virulent
释义

virulent

English

WOTD – 6 December 2020

Etymology

PIE word
*wisós

From Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”) [and other forms],[1] borrowed from Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”), from vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”)[2] (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives).

Sense 4 (“of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis”) is derived from French virulent, which was first used in this sense by the French biologist François Jacob (1920–2013) and his co-authors in a 1953 article.[2][3]

Pronunciation

  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈvɪɹ(j)ʊl(ə)nt/, /-ɹ(j)ə-/
  • Audio (RP)(file)
  • (General American) IPA(key): /ˈvɪɹ(j)ələnt/
  • Hyphenation: vi‧ru‧lent

Adjective

virulent (comparative more virulent, superlative most virulent)

  1. Of animals, plants, or substances: extremely venomous or poisonous.
    Antonyms: harmless, nonvirulent
  2. (figurative) Extremely hostile or malicious; intensely acrimonious.
    The politicians were virulent in their hatred of the president.
    • c. 1515–1516, published 1568, John Skelton, Againſt venemous tongues enpoyſoned with ſclaunder and falſe detractions &c.:
      More venemous and much more virulent / Then any poyſoned tode, or any ſerpent.
    • 1963, Margery Allingham, “The Well House”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, OCLC 483591931, page 105:
      It was a casual sneer, obviously one of a long line. There was hatred behind it, but of a quiet, chronic type, nothing new or unduly virulent, and he was taken aback by the flicker of amazed incredulity that passed over the younger man's ravaged face.
  3. (medicine) Of a disease or disease-causing agent: malignant, able to cause damage to the host.
    Antonyms: benign, nonvirulent
  4. (microbiology) Of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis. [from 1953]

Derived terms

  • avirulent
  • cardiovirulent
  • enterovirulent
  • hepatovirulent
  • hypervirulent
  • hypovirulent
  • neurovirulent
  • nonvirulent
  • supervirulent
  • urovirulent
  • virulently
  • virulentness
  • virulence
  • virulency (dated)
  • virus

Translations

See also

  • pathogenic

References

  1. “vīrulent, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
  2. “virulent, adj.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1917; “virulent, adj.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
  3. F[rançois] Jacob; A[ndré Michel] Lwoff; A. Siminovich; É[lie] Wollman (January 1953), “Définition de Quelques Termes Relatifs a la Lysogénie [Definition of Some Terms Relating to Lysogeny]”, in Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, volume 84, issue 1, Paris: Masson et Cie, […], OCLC 682016793, page 223: “Phage virulent. – Phage incapable de donner des systèmes lysogénes.”

Further reading

  • virulence on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

  • evil turn

Catalan

Etymology

From Latin vīrulentus.

Pronunciation

  • (Balearic, Valencian) IPA(key): /vi.ɾuˈlent/
  • (Central) IPA(key): /bi.ɾuˈlen/

Adjective

virulent (feminine virulenta, masculine plural virulents, feminine plural virulentes)

  1. virulent

Derived terms

  • virulentament
  • virulència

Further reading

  • “virulent” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
  • “virulent”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
  • “virulent” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
  • “virulent” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Danish

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

virulent (plural and definite singular attributive virulente)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Further reading

  • “virulent” in Den Danske Ordbog

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Late Latin virulentus. The second sense is probably a semantic loan from English.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /vi.ʁy.lɑ̃/

Adjective

virulent (feminine virulente, masculine plural virulents, feminine plural virulentes)

  1. (medicine) virulent
  2. virulent (hostile)

Derived terms

  • virulemment
  • virulence

Further reading

  • “virulent”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

German

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin virulentus.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /viʁuˈlɛnt/
  • Hyphenation: vi‧ru‧lent
  • Audio(file)

Adjective

virulent (strong nominative masculine singular virulenter, not comparable)

  1. (medicine) virulent

Declension

Positive forms of virulent (uncomparable)
number & gendersingularplural
masculinefeminineneuterall genders
predicativeer ist virulentsie ist virulentes ist virulentsie sind virulent
strong declension
(without article)		nominativevirulentervirulentevirulentesvirulente
genitivevirulentenvirulentervirulentenvirulenter
dativevirulentemvirulentervirulentemvirulenten
accusativevirulentenvirulentevirulentesvirulente
weak declension
(with definite article)		nominativeder virulentedie virulentedas virulentedie virulenten
genitivedes virulentender virulentendes virulentender virulenten
dativedem virulentender virulentendem virulentenden virulenten
accusativeden virulentendie virulentedas virulentedie virulenten
mixed declension
(with indefinite article)		nominativeein virulentereine virulenteein virulentes(keine) virulenten
genitiveeines virulenteneiner virulenteneines virulenten(keiner) virulenten
dativeeinem virulenteneiner virulenteneinem virulenten(keinen) virulenten
accusativeeinen virulenteneine virulenteein virulentes(keine) virulenten

Further reading

  • “virulent” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
  • “virulent” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
  • “virulent” in Duden online

Romanian

Etymology

From French virulent, from Latin virulentus.

Adjective

virulent m or n (feminine singular virulentă, masculine plural virulenți, feminine and neuter plural virulente)

  1. virulent

Declension
Declension of virulent
singular plural
masculine neuter feminine masculine neuter feminine
nominative/
accusative 		indefinite virulent virulentă virulenți virulente
definite virulentul virulenta virulenții virulentele
genitive/
dative 		indefinite virulent virulente virulenți virulente
definite virulentului virulentei virulenților virulentelor
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