-us
Translingual
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Latin -us.
Suffix
-us
- (taxonomy) Used to form taxonomic names.
Derived terms
Esperanto
Etymology
The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
- This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)
In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Suffix
-us
- Ending of the conditional in verbs.
Estonian
Etymology
A merger of Proto-Finnic *-us (in the first sense) and Proto-Finnic *-uc (in the second sense). Cognate with Finnish -us.
Suffix
-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)
- Derives nouns from verbs.
- armastama "to love" → armastus "love"
- võistlema "to compete" → võistlus "competition"
- joonistama "to draw" → joonistus "a drawing"
- Derives nouns from adjectives.
- aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"
- pikk "long" → pikkus "length"
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -used |
| accusative | -use | -used |
| genitive | -use | -uste |
| partitive | -ust | -usi |
| illative | -usse -usesse | -ustesse -usisse |
| inessive | -uses | -ustes -usis |
| elative | -usest | -ustest -usist |
| allative | -usele | -ustele -usile |
| adessive | -usel | -ustel -usil |
| ablative | -uselt | -ustelt -usilt |
| translative | -useks | -usteks -usiks |
| terminative | -useni | -usteni |
| essive | -usena | -ustena |
| abessive | -useta | -usteta |
| comitative | -usega | -ustega |
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -used |
| accusative | -use | -used |
| genitive | -use | -uste |
| partitive | -ust | -useid |
| illative | -usesse | -ustesse -useisse |
| inessive | -uses | -ustes -useis |
| elative | -usest | -ustest -useist |
| allative | -usele | -ustele -useile |
| adessive | -usel | -ustel -useil |
| ablative | -uselt | -ustelt -useilt |
| translative | -useks | -usteks -useiks |
| terminative | -useni | -usteni |
| essive | -usena | -ustena |
| abessive | -useta | -usteta |
| comitative | -usega | -ustega |
Derived terms
Finnish
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-us, generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys). Compare -os.
Suffix
-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)
- Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event.
- kuvata (“to describe”) → kuvaus (“description”)
- pakata (“to pack”) → pakkaus (“package”)
- ylentää (“to promote”) → ylennys (“promotion”)
- hälyttää (“to alarm”) → hälytys (“an alarm”)
Usage notes
- With -ahtaa (momentane) verbs, the final -ht- may disappear entirely (through *-ahdus > *-ahus (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > *-aus). This has led to -aus becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with -hdus and one with -us, exist in parallel.
Declension
| Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien | |
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| accusative | nom. | -us | -ukset |
| gen. | -uksen | ||
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien | |
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| inessive | -uksessa | -uksissa | |
| elative | -uksesta | -uksista | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| adessive | -uksella | -uksilla | |
| ablative | -ukselta | -uksilta | |
| allative | -ukselle | -uksille | |
| essive | -uksena | -uksina | |
| translative | -ukseksi | -uksiksi | |
| instructive | — | -uksin | |
| abessive | -uksetta | -uksitta | |
| comitative | — | -uksineen | |
| Possessive forms of -us (type vastaus) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -ukseni | -uksemme |
| 2nd person | -uksesi | -uksenne |
| 3rd person | -uksensa | |
Synonyms
- -mus (used with "sallia"-, and certain "sanoa"- and "muistaa"-type verbs)
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Finnic *-us. Probably generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus), and thus identical to etymology 1. Alternatively from Proto-Uralic *-wikse.
Suffix
-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)
- Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.
- kanta (“base”) → kannus (“spur”)
- sormi (“finger”) → sormus (“ring”)
- vasta- (“counter-”) → vastus (“resistance, opposition”)
- kehä (“circle, ring”) → kehys (“frame”)
- syli (“bosom, lap”) → sylys (“armful”)
- typerä (“stupid”) → typerys (“fool”)
Declension
| Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien | |
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| accusative | nom. | -us | -ukset |
| gen. | -uksen | ||
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien | |
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| inessive | -uksessa | -uksissa | |
| elative | -uksesta | -uksista | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| adessive | -uksella | -uksilla | |
| ablative | -ukselta | -uksilta | |
| allative | -ukselle | -uksille | |
| essive | -uksena | -uksina | |
| translative | -ukseksi | -uksiksi | |
| instructive | — | -uksin | |
| abessive | -uksetta | -uksitta | |
| comitative | — | -uksineen | |
| Possessive forms of -us (type vastaus) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -ukseni | -uksemme |
| 2nd person | -uksesi | -uksenne |
| 3rd person | -uksensa | |
Derived terms
Etymology 3
See the etymology of -uus.
Suffix
-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)
- Short form of the suffix -uus, used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.
Declension
| Inflection of -us (Kotus type 40/kalleus, t-d gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -udet | |
| genitive | -uden | -uksien | |
| partitive | -utta | -uksia | |
| illative | -uteen | -uksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -udet | |
| accusative | nom. | -us | -udet |
| gen. | -uden | ||
| genitive | -uden | -uksien | |
| partitive | -utta | -uksia | |
| inessive | -udessa | -uksissa | |
| elative | -udesta | -uksista | |
| illative | -uteen | -uksiin | |
| adessive | -udella | -uksilla | |
| ablative | -udelta | -uksilta | |
| allative | -udelle | -uksille | |
| essive | -utena | -uksina | |
| translative | -udeksi | -uksiksi | |
| instructive | — | -uksin | |
| abessive | -udetta | -uksitta | |
| comitative | — | -uksineen | |
| Possessive forms of -us (type kalleus) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -uteni | -utemme |
| 2nd person | -utesi | -utenne |
| 3rd person | -utensa | |
Derived terms
Anagrams
- su
Hungarian
Etymology
-u (diminutive suffix) + -s (diminutive suffix)[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [uʃ]
Suffix
-us
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.
- Teréz (“Theresa”) → Terus (“Tess”)
- apa (“father”) → apus (“dad”)
- cica (“cat”) → cicus (“kitty”)
- kutya (“dog”) → kutyus (“pooch, puppy”)
- A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It cannot be considered as an independent Hungarian suffix.
- agronómus (“agronomist”)
Usage notes
(diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in -a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.
Derived terms
See also
- -is
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
References
- Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006
- -us in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Ingrian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-us/, [-uz̠]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-us/, [-uʒ̥]
Suffix
-us (front vowel variant -ys)
- Forms nouns denoting resemblance.
- pääl (“above”) + -us → päälys (“surface”)
Declension
| Declension of -us (type 2/petos, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -us | -ukset |
| genitive | -uksen | -uksiin |
| partitive | -usta, -ust | -uksia |
| illative | -uksee | -uksii |
| inessive | -uksees | -uksiis |
| elative | -uksest | -uksist |
| allative | -ukselle | -uksille |
| adessive | -ukseel | -uksiil |
| ablative | -ukselt | -uksilt |
| translative | -ukseks | -uksiks |
| essive | -uksenna, -ukseen | -uksinna, -uksiin |
| exessive1) | -uksent | -uksint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Derived terms
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-us/, [-uz̠]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-us/, [-uʒ̥]
Suffix
-us (front vowel variant -ys)
- Alternative form of -uus
Declension
| Declension of -us (type 2/oikehus, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -us | -uet |
| genitive | -uen | -uksin |
| partitive | -utta | -uksia |
| illative | -uee | -uksii |
| inessive | -uees | -uksiis |
| elative | -uest | -uksist |
| allative | -uelle | -uksille |
| adessive | -ueel | -uksiil |
| ablative | -uelt | -uksilt |
| translative | -ueks | -uksiks |
| essive | -uenna, -ueen | -uksinna, -uksiin |
| exessive1) | -uent | -uksint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Derived terms
References
- V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 57
Latin
Etymology 1
From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Germanic *-az, Icelandic -ur, Sanskrit -अः (-aḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /us/, [ʊs̠]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /us/, [us]
Suffix
-us
- suffix of nouns in the second declension.
- (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
- (uncommon) nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us for second-declension neuter nouns.
- vīrus; vulgus; pelagus ― rammish smell; common people, crowd; sea
- suffix of adjectives in the first/second declension.
- (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
Declension
| Second-declension noun forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Second-declension noun, with locative.
Second-declension noun (neuter, nominative/accusative/vocative plural in -a).
Note: The plural exists for New Latin vīrus. |
| Adjective forms | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First/second-declension adjective, with locative.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Generally from Proto-Indo-European *-os (suffix forming neuter s-stem nouns from verbs), as in genus from Proto-Italic *genos from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os (“race”) from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, beget”). Not a productive derivational suffix in Latin. The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in generis), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as as decus, decoris, instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /us/, [ʊs̠]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /us/, [us]
Suffix
-us
- ending of some neuter nouns in the third declension.
- nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us
Declension
| Third-declension noun forms | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
From the noun tempus, the locative forms temperī and temporī were used adverbially, as well as the ablative tempore. |
Descendants
- Romanian: -uri (from the plural -ora, with the final vowel replaced due to analogy with feminine plural forms)[1][2]
Etymology 3
Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most words, from Old Latin -us, from Proto-Italic *-us, from Proto-Indo-European *-us as the final part of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /us/, [ʊs̠]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /us/, [us]
Suffix
-us
- nominative/vocative singular of -us for nouns in the fourth declension.
Declension
| Fourth-declension noun forms | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fourth-declension noun.
Fourth-declension noun (dative/ablative plural in -ubus).
|
Suffix
-ūs
- nominative/vocative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
- genitive singular of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
- accusative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
See also
- -tus
References
- Nicolae, Andreea and Scontras, Gregory, 2015. "The Progression of Gender from Latin to Romanian," page 87
- Maiden, Martin. January 2016. "Ambiguity in Romanian word-structure. The structure of plurals in ...uri" Revue Roumaine de Linguistique 61(1):3-12
- “-us” on page 2,108/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Lithuanian
Etymology 1
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas (“bend”) : lankùs (“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός (dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʊs/
Suffix
-ùs m stress pattern 4
- Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something
- ardýti (“take apart”) → ardùs (“crumbly”)
- kalbėti (“talk”) → kalbùs (“talkative”)
Declension
| positive degree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| neuter | -ù | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ùs | -ūs | -ì | -ios | |
| genitive | -aũs | -ių̃ | -iõs | -ių̃ | |
| dative | -iám | -íems | -iai | -ióms | |
| accusative | -ų | -iùs | -ią | -iàs | |
| instrumental | -iù | -iaĩs | -ià | -iomìs | |
| locative | -iamè | -iuosè | -iojè | -iosè | |
| vocative | -ùs | -ūs | -ì | -ios | |
| comparative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iaũ | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -èsnis | -esnì | -èsnė | -èsnės | |
| genitive | -èsnio | -esnių̃ | -esnė̃s | -esnių̃ | |
| dative | -esniám | -esníems | -èsnei | -esnė̃ms | |
| accusative | -èsnį | -esniùs | -èsnę | -esnès | |
| instrumental | -esniù | -esniaĩs | -esnè | -esnėmìs | |
| locative | -esniamè | -esniuosè | -èsnėje | -esnėsè | |
| superlative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iáusia | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -iáusias | -iáusi | -iáusia | -iáusios | |
| genitive | -iáusio | -iáusių | -iáusios | -iáusių | |
| dative | -iáusiam | -iáusiems | -iáusiai | -iáusioms | |
| accusative | -iáusią | -iáusius | -iáusią | -iáusias | |
| instrumental | -iáusiu | -iáusiais | -iáusia | -iáusiomis | |
| locative | -iáusiame | -iáusiuose | -iáusioje | -iáusiose | |
| positive degree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ùsis | -íeji | -ióji | -iosios | |
| genitive | -iojo | -ių̃jų | -iõsios | -ių̃jų | |
| dative | -iájam | -íesiems | -iajai | -iósioms | |
| accusative | -ųjį | -iúosius | -iąją | -ią́sias | |
| instrumental | -iúoju | -iaĩsiais | -ią́ja | -iõsiomis | |
| locative | -iãjame | -iuõsiuose | -iõjoje | -iõsiose | |
| vocative | -ùsis | -íeji | -ióji | -iosios | |
| comparative degree | |||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -esnỹsis | -esníeji | -esnióji | -èsniosios | |
| genitive | -èsniojo | -esnių̃jų | -esniõsios | -esnių̃jų | |
| dative | -esniájam | -esníesiems | -èsniajai | -esniósioms | |
| accusative | -èsnįjį | -esniúosius | -èsniąją | -esnią́sias | |
| instrumental | -esniúoju | -esniaĩsiais | -esnią́ja | -esniõsiomis | |
| locative | -esniãjame | -esniuõsiuose | -esniõjoje | -esniõsiose | |
| superlative degree | |||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -iáusiasis | -iáusieji | -iáusioji | -iáusiosios | |
| genitive | -iáusiojo | -iáusiųjų | -iáusiosios | -iáusiųjų | |
| dative | -iáusiajam | -iáusiesiems | -iáusiajai | -iáusiosioms | |
| accusative | -iáusiąjį | -iáusiuosius | -iáusiąją | -iáusiąsias | |
| instrumental | -iáusiuoju | -iáusiaisiais | -iáusiąja | -iáusiosiomis | |
| locative | -iáusiajame | -iáusiuosiuose | -iáusiojoje | -iáusiosiose | |
Derived terms
- -usis
Etymology 2
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.
Alternative forms
- -ius
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʊs/
Suffix
-us, -ùs m
- Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.
- alùs (“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)
- sūnùs (“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)
Declension
(noun):
| singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (vardininkas) | -ùs | -ūs |
| genitive (kilmininkas) | -aũs | -ų̃ |
| dative (naudininkas) | -ui | -ùms |
| accusative (galininkas) | -ų | -ùs |
| instrumental (įnagininkas) | -umì | -umìs |
| locative (vietininkas) | -ujè | -uosè |
| vocative (šauksmininkas) | -aũ | -ūs |
(adjective):
| positive degree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| neuter | -u | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -ūs | -i | -ios | |
| genitive | -aus | -ių | -ios | -ių | |
| dative | -iam | -iems | -iai | -ioms | |
| accusative | -ų | -ius | -ią | -ias | |
| instrumental | -iu | -iais | -ia | -iomis | |
| locative | -iame | -iuose | -ioje | -iose | |
| vocative | -us | -ūs | -i | -ios | |
| comparative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iaũ | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -èsnis | -esnì | -èsnė | -èsnės | |
| genitive | -èsnio | -esnių̃ | -esnė̃s | -esnių̃ | |
| dative | -esniám | -esníems | -èsnei | -esnė̃ms | |
| accusative | -èsnį | -esniùs | -èsnę | -esnès | |
| instrumental | -esniù | -esniaĩs | -esnè | -esnėmìs | |
| locative | -esniamè | -esniuosè | -èsnėje | -esnėsè | |
| superlative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iáusia | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -iáusias | -iáusi | -iáusia | -iáusios | |
| genitive | -iáusio | -iáusių | -iáusios | -iáusių | |
| dative | -iáusiam | -iáusiems | -iáusiai | -iáusioms | |
| accusative | -iáusią | -iáusius | -iáusią | -iáusias | |
| instrumental | -iáusiu | -iáusiais | -iáusia | -iáusiomis | |
| locative | -iáusiame | -iáusiuose | -iáusioje | -iáusiose | |
| positive degree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ùsis | -íeji | -ióji | -iosios | |
| genitive | -iojo | -ių̃jų | -iõsios | -ių̃jų | |
| dative | -iájam | -íesiems | -iajai | -iósioms | |
| accusative | -ųjį | -iúosius | -iąją | -ią́sias | |
| instrumental | -iúoju | -iaĩsiais | -ią́ja | -iõsiomis | |
| locative | -iãjame | -iuõsiuose | -iõjoje | -iõsiose | |
| vocative | -ùsis | -íeji | -ióji | -iosios | |
| comparative degree | |||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -esnỹsis | -esníeji | -esnióji | -èsniosios | |
| genitive | -èsniojo | -esnių̃jų | -esniõsios | -esnių̃jų | |
| dative | -esniájam | -esníesiems | -èsniajai | -esniósioms | |
| accusative | -èsnįjį | -esniúosius | -èsniąją | -esnią́sias | |
| instrumental | -esniúoju | -esniaĩsiais | -esnią́ja | -esniõsiomis | |
| locative | -esniãjame | -esniuõsiuose | -esniõjoje | -esniõsiose | |
| superlative degree | |||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -iáusiasis | -iáusieji | -iáusioji | -iáusiosios | |
| genitive | -iáusiojo | -iáusiųjų | -iáusiosios | -iáusiųjų | |
| dative | -iáusiajam | -iáusiesiems | -iáusiajai | -iáusiosioms | |
| accusative | -iáusiąjį | -iáusiuosius | -iáusiąją | -iáusiąsias | |
| instrumental | -iáusiuoju | -iáusiaisiais | -iáusiąja | -iáusiosiomis | |
| locative | -iáusiajame | -iáusiuosiuose | -iáusiojoje | -iáusiosiose | |
Etymology 3
From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).
Alternative forms
- -ius
- -uos, -iuos
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʊs/
Suffix
-us, -ùs
- Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
- Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.
Derived terms
- -uosius
Etymology 4
Cognate with Russian -в (-v), Bulgarian -вш (-vš). See also -usi. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Alternative forms
- -ius
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʊs/
Suffix
-us
- Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle
- bū́ti (“to be”) → bùvo (“was”) → bùvus (“having been”)
- slė̃pti (“hide”) → past frequentative slė̃pdavo (“hid”) → slė̃pdavus (“having hidden”)
Related terms
- -ęs
References
- Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204
Livvi
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us and Estonian -us.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-us/
Suffix
-us (front vowel variant -ys)
- Used to form action nouns from verbs; -ion
Derived terms
Middle English
Suffix
-us
- Alternative form of -ous
Middle Welsh
Etymology
From Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus.[1] Cognate with Cornish -us.
Suffix
-us
- -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns
Derived terms
Descendants
- Welsh: -us
References
- J. Morris Jones, A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative (Oxford 1913), § 153 i 13.
Northern Sami
Etymology
From Proto-Samic *-ōksë.
Suffix
-us
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.
- vuošˈšat (“to cook”) + -us → vuoššus (“something to be cooked”)
- muitalit (“to tell”) + -us → muitalus (“something to be told; story”)
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.
- juohkit (“to divide”) + -us → juogus (“division, section”)
Usage notes
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.
When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.
Inflection
For even-syllable stems:
| Odd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -us | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative | -us | -usat | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | -usa | -usiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | -usiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Illative | -usii | -usiidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Locative | -usis | -usiin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Comitative | -usiin | -usiiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Essive | -usin | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
For odd-syllable stems:
| Even a-stem, ss-s gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -us | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative | -us | -usat | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | -usa | -usaid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | -usaid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Illative | -ussii | -usaide | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Locative | -usas | -usain | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Comitative | -usain | -usaiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Essive | -ussan | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
Old French
Alternative forms
- -eus, -eux, -os, -ous
Etymology
From Latin -ōsus.
Suffix
-us
- -ous, used for forming adjectives
Derived terms
Descendants
- Middle French: -eux
- French: -eux, -ueux
- → Danish: -øs
- → Dutch: -eus
- → German: -ös
- → Norwegian: -øs
- → Swedish: -ös
- French: -eux, -ueux
- Norman: -eux
- → Middle English: -ous, -os, -ose, -ouse, -ows, -owse, -us, -ws
- English: -ous
Old Irish
Etymology 1
From Proto-Celtic *-es-tus.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /us/
Suffix
-us
- Alternative form of -as
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-us (suffixed pronoun)
- her (object pronoun), it (in reference to a feminine noun)
- them
Derived terms
See also
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
| Person | Infixed | Suffixed | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class A | Class B | Class C | ||
| 1 sing. | m-L | dom-L, dam-L | -um | |
| 2 sing. | t-L | dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L | -ut | |
| 3 sing. m. | a-N, e-N | d-N | id-N, did-N, d-N | -i, -it |
| 3 sing. f. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| 3 sing. n. | a-L, e-L | d-L | id-L, did-L, d-L | -i, -it |
| 1 pl. | n- | don-, dun-, dan- | -unn | |
| 2 pl. | b- | dob-, dub-, dab- | -uib | |
| 3 pl. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others. | ||||
Polish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /us/
- Rhymes: -us
- Syllabification: us
Suffix
-us
- derogatory suffix
- sługa + -us → sługus
- demonym suffix
- Kraków + -us → krakus
Usage notes
Usually creates colloqiual words that have pejorative or offensive meaning, such as arabus or bambus. More rarely, creates demonyms, for example krakus.
Derived terms
Further reading
- -us in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- -us in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Welsh
Etymology
From Middle Welsh -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus.[1] Cognate with Cornish -us.
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ɨ̞s/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɪs/
Suffix
-us
- adjectival suffix often indicating a characteristic, propensity or abundance
- blas (“taste”) + -us → blasus (“tasty”)
- gwybod (“to know”) + -us → gwybodus (“knowledgeable”)
- anffawd (“misfortune”) + -us → anffodus (“unfortunate”)
Derived terms
References
- Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 i 13
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-us”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies