urgeo
Latin
Alternative forms
- urgueō
Etymology
From Proto-Italic *worɣēō, from Proto-Indo-European *w(o)rǵʰ-eye-, from *werǵʰ- (“bind, squeeze”) (compare German würgen (“to strangle”), Lithuanian ver̃žti (“to string, tighten, constrict”), Russian (poetic) отверза́ть (otverzátʹ, “to open”, literally “to untie”), Polish otwierać (“to open”), English worry, wring, wreak, wreck.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈur.ɡe.oː/, [ˈʊrɡeoː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈur.d͡ʒe.o/, [ˈurd͡ʒeo]
Verb
urgeō (present infinitive urgēre, perfect active ursī); second conjugation, no supine stem
- I press, push, force, drive, urge, stimulate
- Synonyms: stimulō, īnstīgō, īnstinguō, exciō, irrītō, sollicitō, concieō, excitō, concitō, impellō, īnflammō, cieō, incendō, moveō, mōlior, adhortor, ērigō
- Antonyms: domō, lēniō, sōpiō, sēdō, dēlēniō, restinguō, plācō, coerceō, mītigō, commītigō, ēlevō, levō, allevō, alleviō
- 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 2.858:
- Mārsque citōs iūnctīs curribus urget equōs
- and Mars, with chariots harnessed, drives swift horses
(Translations of Ovid's Fasti, by H.T. Riley, James G. Frazer, and Anne and Peter Wiseman, all give Mars one harnessed or yoked chariot in the singular; however, ‘‘iunctis curribus’’ is plural. The plural seems appropriate if the poet’s meaning is understood to be that of Mars menacing with an army of charioteers. Ovid’s verse is an imaginative segue as he closes his book on February and introduces the month of March, named in honor of the war god.)
- and Mars, with chariots harnessed, drives swift horses
- Mārsque citōs iūnctīs curribus urget equōs
- I weigh down, burden, oppress
- Synonyms: opprimō, sepeliō, supprimō, premō
- I crowd, hem in, confine
- Synonyms: inclūdō, claudō, coerceō, arceō, minuō
Conjugation
- The perfect forms are shared with urgueō.
| Conjugation of urgeō (second conjugation, no supine stem) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | urgeō | urgēs | urget | urgēmus | urgētis | urgent |
| imperfect | urgēbam | urgēbās | urgēbat | urgēbāmus | urgēbātis | urgēbant | |
| future | urgēbō | urgēbis | urgēbit | urgēbimus | urgēbitis | urgēbunt | |
| perfect | ursī | ursistī | ursit | ursimus | ursistis | ursērunt, ursēre | |
| pluperfect | urseram | urserās | urserat | urserāmus | urserātis | urserant | |
| future perfect | urserō | urseris | urserit | urserimus | urseritis | urserint | |
| passive | present | urgeor | urgēris, urgēre | urgētur | urgēmur | urgēminī | urgentur |
| imperfect | urgēbar | urgēbāris, urgēbāre | urgēbātur | urgēbāmur | urgēbāminī | urgēbantur | |
| future | urgēbor | urgēberis, urgēbere | urgēbitur | urgēbimur | urgēbiminī | urgēbuntur | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | urgeam | urgeās | urgeat | urgeāmus | urgeātis | urgeant |
| imperfect | urgērem | urgērēs | urgēret | urgērēmus | urgērētis | urgērent | |
| perfect | urserim | urserīs | urserit | urserīmus | urserītis | urserint | |
| pluperfect | ursissem | ursissēs | ursisset | ursissēmus | ursissētis | ursissent | |
| passive | present | urgear | urgeāris, urgeāre | urgeātur | urgeāmur | urgeāminī | urgeantur |
| imperfect | urgērer | urgērēris, urgērēre | urgērētur | urgērēmur | urgērēminī | urgērentur | |
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | urgē | — | — | urgēte | — |
| future | — | urgētō | urgētō | — | urgētōte | urgentō | |
| passive | present | — | urgēre | — | — | urgēminī | — |
| future | — | urgētor | urgētor | — | — | urgentor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | urgēre | ursisse | — | urgērī | — | — | |
| participles | urgēns | — | — | — | — | urgendus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| urgendī | urgendō | urgendum | urgendō | — | — | ||
Derived terms
- adurgeō
- exurgeō
- inurgeō
- perurgeō
- suburgeō
- urgēns
Descendants
- Catalan: urgir
- English: urge
- French: urger (through urgent)
- Galician: urxir
- German: urgieren
- Italian: urgere
- Portuguese: urgir
- Spanish: urgir
References
- “urgeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- urgeo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- to be hard pressed by misfortune: malis urgeri
- to persist in an argument, press a point: argumentum premere (not urgere)
- to be pressed on all sides: undique premi, urgeri (B. G. 2. 26)
- to be hard pressed by misfortune: malis urgeri
- urge in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911