-tı

-tı

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tɯ/
• IPA^(key): /ti/
• IPA^(key): /tu/
• IPA^(key): /ty/

Suffix

preceding vowel
A / I	E / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
-tı	-ti	-tu	-tü

Usage notes

• Most commonly used with the suffix -n (derives reflexive and passive forms of verbs), which is why the suffix is often classified in full as -ıntı[1][2], even though some nouns derived in this way are made from verbs that do not have reflexive forms; i.e akıntı, üzüntü, sarsıntı.

-tı

1. Derives nouns from verbs, of a result or product of the action, with the suffix -n, which derives Reflexive forms of verbs.

   ‎al- (“to take”) + ‎-ın- (“to take offense”) + ‎-tı → ‎alıntı (“quotation, citation”)

   ‎kaşı- (“transitive; to itch, scratch”) + ‎-n- (“reflexive; to itch, to scratch oneself”) + ‎-tı → ‎kaşıntı (“itch, itchiness”)

   ‎gez- (“to wander around, to travel”) + ‎-in- (“to wander around, to walk about”) + ‎-ti → ‎gezinti (“stroll, trip”)

   ‎gör- (“to see”) + ‎-ün- (“to appear, to come in sight”) + ‎-tü → ‎görüntü (“image, sight, view”)

   ‎sık- (“to squeeze, to bore”) + ‎-ın- (“to strain oneself, to force oneself”) + ‎-tı → ‎sıkıntı (“boredom, distress, annoyance”)

   ‎çırp- (“to clap, to beat, to whip”) + ‎-ın- (“to struggle, to flutter”) + ‎-tı → ‎çırpıntı (“fluttering, shaking”)

   ‎sığ- (“to fit in, to squeeze in”) + ‎-ın- (“to take refuge in, to take shelter in”) + ‎-tı → ‎sığıntı (“a person whose stay is unwanted or unwelcome”)

   ‎sapla- (“to stab, to dig into, to jab”) + ‎-n- (“to sink into, to be stuck in”) + ‎-tı → ‎saplantı (“obsession, fixation”)

   ‎eğle- (“transitive; to stall, to keep waiting”) + ‎-n- (“to have fun, to enjoy oneself, to wait somewhere”) + ‎-ti → ‎eğlenti (“party, enjoyable meeting”)

   ‎kur- (“to set, to build”) + ‎-un- (“to make up (in mind), to form ideas”) + ‎-tu → ‎kuruntu (“wild fancy, delusion”)

   ‎söyle- (“to say, to tell”) + ‎-n- (“to talk to oneself, to complain”) + ‎-ti → ‎söylenti (“rumor”)

2. Some verb roots either do not have Reflexive forms due to being New Turkish words derived through false analogy[3] or these forms fell off use in modern Turkish.

   ‎çök- (“to collapse, to cave in”) + ‎-ün- + ‎-tü → ‎çöküntü (“collapse, breakdown”) ("çökünmek" does not exist in modern Turkish. Compare with چوكنمك‎ (t͡ʃœ.cyn.mec) in Ottoman Turkish.)[4]

   ‎çöz- (“to solve, to untangle, to dissolve”) + ‎-el- + ‎-ti → ‎çözelti (“solution, resulting substance of dissolution”) (Derived through false analogy to çökmek into çökelmek into çökelti; "çözelmek" does not exist as a separate verb.)[5]

   ‎ak- (“to flow”) + ‎-ın- + ‎-tı → ‎akıntı (“flow, current, stream”)

   ‎ayır- (“to separate, to split”) + ‎-ın- + ‎-tı → ‎ayrıntı (“detail”)

   ‎üz- (“to upset, to aggrieve”) + ‎-ün- + ‎-tü → ‎üzüntü (“sorrow, grief”)

   ‎sız- (“to leak, to ooze”) + ‎-ın- + ‎-tı → ‎sızıntı (“leak, leakage”)

   ‎sars- (“to shake, to jolt”) + ‎-ın- + ‎-tı → ‎sarsıntı (“shake, concussion, shock”)

   ‎bekle- (“to wait, to expect”) + ‎-n- + ‎-ti → ‎beklenti (“expectation”)

3. Derives onomatopoeic nouns, with suffixes -ır or -ıl, which derive onomatopoeic verbs in Turkic dialects[6].

   ‎çıt (“click or crack sound”) + ‎-ır- + ‎-tı → ‎çıtırtı (“clicking, cracking”)

   ‎fıs (“soft hiss sound”) + ‎-ıl- + ‎-tı → ‎fısıltı (“whisper, whispering”)

   ‎gür (“rumble or clatter sound”) + ‎-ül- + ‎-tü → ‎gürültü (“noise, rumbling”)

   ‎mır (“murmur sound”) + ‎-ıl- + ‎-tı → ‎mırıltı (“murmuring, mumbling”)

4. Derives nouns with the suffix -ar, which derives intransitive verbs from the names of colors[7], of an area that turns that color.

   ‎kara (“black”) + ‎-ar- (“to turn black”) + ‎-tı → ‎karartı (“darkness, blackness, shadow”)

   ‎ak (“white, light”) + ‎-ar- (“to turn white”) + ‎-tı → ‎ağartı (“whitening, breaking of dawn”)

   ‎mor (“purple”) + ‎-ar- (“to turn purple”) + ‎-tı → ‎morartı (“bruise, a purplish spot”)

Derived terms

Turkish terms suffixed with -tı

References

1. Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+(In)tI" - in Nişanyan Sözlük
2. SELVİ, Ceren. -IntI Yapım Ekinin Türkçe Ulusal Derlem’de Yer Alan Semantik Prozodi Görünümleri. bitig: 43.
3. Nişanyan, Sevan (2018). Nişanyan Sözlük Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojisi. İstanbul:Liber Plus Yayınları.
4. Redhouse, James W. (1890), “چوكنمك”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 739
5. Balyemez, S. (2018). Türkiye Türkçesinde Kapalı Gövde Örnekleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, (63), 243-266.
6. Omuralieva, A. (2020). Türkiye Türkçesinde Ses Yansımalı Fiillerin Yapısı. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(12).
7. Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+(g)Ar-" - in Nişanyan Sözlük