-tus
See also: TUS, tus, tus', tuş, tuš, tús, tùs, and tüs
Latin
Etymology 1
From Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós (suffix creating verbal adjectives).
Compare Proto-Slavic *-tъ, Proto-Germanic *-daz, *-taz.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /tus/, [tʊs]
Suffix
-tus m (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second declension
- Forms the past participle of verbs.
- Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with".
- iūs (“law, legality; equity, the right, justice”) → iūstus (“lawful, legal; equitable, rightful, just”)
- onus (“a burden or load, especially one excessive in magnitude”) → onustus (“burdened”, “heavily laden”, “overencumbered by a load”)
Usage notes
The stem may be modified in some unpredictable ways when this suffix is attached:
- A stem-final b or g is devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel and g, this vowel is lengthened. A stem-final qu is also delabialised, giving c.
- agō (“lead”) + -tus → āctus
- scrībō (“write”) + -tus → scrīptus
- coquō (“cook”) + -tus → coctus
- A stem-final v behaves differently depending on which Proto-Italic consonant it developed from. If it developed from Proto-Italic w, it becomes u (forming a diphthong or long ū), and if it developed from gʷ, it becomes c.
- A stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is then simplified to -sus when not preceded by a short vowel.
- cadō (“fall”) + -tus → cāsus
- A stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus.
- mergō (“plunge”) + -tus → mersus
- A stem final ll or rr sometimes fuses with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively.
- currō (“run”) + -tus → cursus
- When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the final vowel of the stem may be retained or dropped. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes i for many 2nd conjugation verbs:
- errō (errā-) (“wander”) + -tus → errātus
- moneō (“warn”) + -tus → monitus
Declension
First/second declension.
| Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nominative | -tus | -ta | -tum | -tī | -tae | -ta | |
| Genitive | -tī | -tae | -tī | -tōrum | -tārum | -tōrum | |
| Dative | -tō | -tae | -tō | -tīs | -tīs | -tīs | |
| Accusative | -tum | -tam | -tum | -tōs | -tās | -ta | |
| Ablative | -tō | -tā | -tō | -tīs | -tīs | -tīs | |
| Vocative | -te | -ta | -tum | -tī | -tae | -ta | |
Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Latin_words_suffixed_with_-tus_(adjective)' title='Category:Latin words suffixed with -tus (adjective)'>Latin words suffixed with -tus (adjective)</a>
Etymology 2
From Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).
Compare Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς (-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tu (whence Czech -tí).
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /tus/, [tʊs]
Suffix
-tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension
- Forms action nouns from verbs.
- cadō + -tus → casus
- habeō (“I have, posses, have on, carry, wear”) + -tus → habitus (“a state or condition of being, physical character, demeanour, style of dress”)
- sūmō (“I spend [time, effort, money, etc.]”) + -tus → sumptus (“expenditure”)
Usage notes
Same as for the participle suffix; see -sus.
Declension
Fourth declension.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -tus | -tūs |
| Genitive | -tūs | -tuum |
| Dative | -tuī | -tibus |
| Accusative | -tum | -tūs |
| Ablative | -tū | -tibus |
| Vocative | -tus | -tūs |
Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Latin_words_suffixed_with_-tus_(action_noun)' title='Category:Latin words suffixed with -tus (action noun)'>Latin words suffixed with -tus (action noun)</a>
Etymology 3
From Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūts, Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs). See -tās.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /tuːs/
Suffix
-tūs f (genitive -tūtis); third declension
- Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns.
- iuvenis (“young, a young man”) → iuventūs (“the young, young men collectively; the period or qualities of youthful manhood, youth”)
- senex (“an old man”) → senectūs (“old men collectively; the period or condition of old age”)
Usage notes
Same as for the participle suffix.
Declension
Third declension.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -tūs | -tūtēs |
| Genitive | -tūtis | -tūtum |
| Dative | -tūtī | -tūtibus |
| Accusative | -tūtem | -tūtēs |
| Ablative | -tūte | -tūtibus |
| Vocative | -tūs | -tūtēs |
Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Latin_words_suffixed_with_-tus_(abstract_noun)' title='Category:Latin words suffixed with -tus (abstract noun)'>Latin words suffixed with -tus (abstract noun)</a>
References
- “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)