trong

See also: trống, trỏng, and trọng

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /trɔŋː/

Etymology 1

From Old Norse þrǫng.

Noun

trong m (definite singular trongen, uncountable)

need
Me har trong for fleire folk.
We have a need for more people.

Synonyms

behov
bruk

Etymology 2

From Old Norse þrǫngr.

Adjective

trong (neuter trongt, definite singular and plural tronge, comparative trongare, indefinite superlative trongast, definite superlative trongaste)

tight, narrow
Dei gjekk gjennom tronge fjellpass.
They walked through narrow mountain passes.

Verb

trong

past tense of trenga

References

“trong” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕawŋ͡m˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [ʈawŋ͡m˧˧]
(Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [ʈawŋ͡m˧˧]
(Vinh) IPA^(key): [ʈɔŋ˧˥]

Etymology 1

From Middle Vietnamese tlao᷄, from Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːŋ (“clear; limpid”).

Adjective

trong • (冲, 工, 沖, 𤁘, 𤄯)

(of liquid) clear and thus presumably clean
Antonym: đục
Nước trong mà ! Uống chắc không sao đâu !
The water looks pretty clean! Probably wouldn't hurt to drink a bit!
(of a material) translucent or transparent
Synonym: trong suốt

Derived terms

trong lành
trong sạch
trong sáng
trong suốt
trong trắng
trong trẻo
trong vắt
trong veo

Etymology 2

From Middle Vietnamese tlao᷄, from Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːŋ (“inside”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kluuŋ ~ *[k]luəŋ (“middle; insides”). Cognates include Muong tlong, Chut [Rục] klɔːŋ¹, Pacoh callúng, Semnam kluoːŋ, Bulo Stieng kluŋ, and Khmer ក្នុង (knong). See also lòng. Proto-Tai *klaːŋᴬ (whence Thai กลาง (glaang)) and Proto-Mienic *ɢljaŋᴬ (whence Iu Mien jaangh) might just be look-alikes.

Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 工 (MC kuŋ) (modern SV: công) and 共 (MC ɡɨoŋ^H) (modern SV: cộng).

Unrelated to Chinese 中 (OC *truŋ) (B-S), which is read trung in modern Vietnamese and spelled tru᷄ in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.

Preposition

trong • (中, 工, 宮, 𡧲, 𥪝, 𥪞, 𪚚)

in; inside; within (an interior or enclosed space)
trong nhà/phòng ― in(side) the house/room
trong tim/lòng/bụng ― in one's heart (literally, “inside the heart/entrails/stomach”)
within (an amount of time)
Synonym: trong vòng
trong (vòng) 4 tiếng ― within four hours
in/among (a group)
Synonym: trong số
trong đám đông ― in/among the crowd
in (a place in southern Vietnam)
trong nam ― someplace in southern Vietnam; "the south"

Antonyms

ngoài

Graphical notes

In certain modern romanization of Nôm texts where this morpheme was written with 工 (MC kuŋ), 共 (MC ɡɨoŋ^H), and 宮 (MC kɨuŋ), it is sometimes transcribed as ⟨cong⟩ or ⟨cung⟩. This is due to the misinterpretation of the nature of the graphemes: the phonological (or likely also phonetic) value of the morpheme that these graphemes represented at the time when they were first used was probably *klɔŋ^A1 (or something similar) and was the ancestor of modern trong, with the medial liquid maintained until at least the end of the Middle Vietnamese period. For a similar case, compare modern trả, giả (“to pay back, to return”) < *ɓlaː^C1, used to be spelled with 把 (MC pˠa^X) in numerous Nôm texts. The *cong and *cung romanizations are thus nothing more than ghosts, and ought to be transcripted instead as ⟨trong⟩ (if scriptor only tries to write the modern reflex) or reconstructed *klɔŋ^A1 (for historical value).

单词	trong
释义	trong See also: trống, trỏng, and trọng Norwegian Nynorsk Pronunciation IPA^(key): /trɔŋː/ Etymology 1 From Old Norse þrǫng. Noun trong m (definite singular trongen, uncountable) need Me har trong* for fleire folk.* We have a need for more people. Synonyms behov bruk Etymology 2 From Old Norse þrǫngr. Adjective trong (neuter trongt, definite singular and plural tronge, comparative trongare, indefinite superlative trongast, definite superlative trongaste) tight, narrow Dei gjekk gjennom tronge* fjellpass.* They walked through narrow mountain passes. Verb trong past tense of trenga References “trong” in The Nynorsk Dictionary. Vietnamese Pronunciation (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕawŋ͡m˧˧] (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʈawŋ͡m˧˧] (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [ʈawŋ͡m˧˧] (Vinh) IPA^(key): [ʈɔŋ˧˥] Etymology 1 From Middle Vietnamese tlao᷄, from Proto-Vietic k-lɔːŋ (“clear; limpid”). Adjective trong* • (冲, 工, 沖, 𤁘, 𤄯) (of liquid) clear and thus presumably clean Antonym: đục Nước trong mà ! Uống chắc không sao đâu ! The water looks pretty clean! Probably wouldn't hurt to drink a bit! (of a material) translucent or transparent Synonym: trong suốt Derived terms Derived terms trong lành trong sạch trong sáng trong suốt trong trắng trong trẻo trong vắt trong veo Etymology 2 From Middle Vietnamese tlao᷄, from Proto-Vietic k-lɔːŋ (“inside”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer kluuŋ ~ [k]luəŋ (“middle; insides”). Cognates include Muong tlong, Chut [Rục] klɔːŋ¹, Pacoh callúng, Semnam kluoːŋ, Bulo Stieng kluŋ, and Khmer ក្នុង* (knong). See also lòng. Proto-Tai klaːŋᴬ (whence Thai กลาง* (glaang)) and Proto-Mienic ɢljaŋᴬ (whence Iu Mien jaangh) might just be look-alikes. Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh* (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 工 (MC kuŋ) (modern SV: công) and 共 (MC ɡɨoŋ^H) (modern SV: cộng). Unrelated to Chinese 中 (OC truŋ) (B-S), which is read trung* in modern Vietnamese and spelled tru᷄ in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum. Preposition trong • (中, 工, 宮, 𡧲, 𥪝, 𥪞, 𪚚) in; inside; within (an interior or enclosed space) trong nhà/phòng ― in(side) the house/room trong tim/lòng/bụng ― in one's heart (literally, “inside the heart/entrails/stomach”) within (an amount of time) Synonym: trong vòng trong (vòng) 4 tiếng ― within four hours in/among (a group) Synonym: trong số trong đám đông ― in/among the crowd in (a place in southern Vietnam) trong nam ― someplace in southern Vietnam; "the south" Antonyms ngoài Graphical notes In certain modern romanization of Nôm texts where this morpheme was written with 工 (MC kuŋ), 共 (MC ɡɨoŋ^H), and 宮 (MC kɨuŋ), it is sometimes transcribed as ⟨cong⟩ or ⟨cung⟩. This is due to the misinterpretation of the nature of the graphemes: the phonological (or likely also phonetic) value of the morpheme that these graphemes represented at the time when they were first used was probably klɔŋ^A1 (or something similar) and was the ancestor of modern trong, with the medial liquid maintained until at least the end of the Middle Vietnamese period. For a similar case, compare modern trả, giả* (“to pay back, to return”) < ɓlaː^C1, used to be spelled with 把 (MC pˠa^X) in numerous Nôm texts. The cong and cung romanizations are thus nothing more than ghosts, and ought to be transcripted instead as ⟨trong⟩ (if scriptor only tries to write the modern reflex) or reconstructed klɔŋ^A1 (for historical value). See also Derived terms Đàng Trong trỏng
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