traho

traho

Latin

Alternative forms

• *tragō (Vulgar Latin)

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *traɣō, seemingly from Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ- (“to drag, pull?”), a variation of *dʰregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”).

The closest IE cognates are Old Irish tethraig (“ran away, receded”), Middle Welsh treul (“trouble, weakness”) < Proto-Celtic *trāglo-. Possibly connected with Proto-Celtic *tregess (“foot”), Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan, “to run”), Proto-Slavic *tragъ, but semantically problematic. De Vaan deems a connection with Proto-Germanic *draganą (“to drag, draw”) as formally impossible, but this could be another reflex of a substrate loanword.[1]

Weiss prefers a connection with Proto-Germanic *draganą (“to drag, draw”), under the assumptions that Grassmann's law operated in Latin before liquids so that the resulting initial deaspirated cluster *dr- would then regularly appear as tr- in Latin as it does word-medially.[2]

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈtra.hoː/, [ˈt̪rä(ɦ)oː]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈtra.o/, [ˈt̪räːo]

Verb

trahō (present infinitive trahere, perfect active trāxī, supine tractum); third conjugation

1. I drag, pull.

   Synonyms: efferō, portō, ferō, gerō, vehō, addūcō

2. I trail.
3. I extract, withdraw.
4. I plunder, squander.

   Synonyms: dēpraedor, praedor, dīripiō, populor, expugnō, agō

5. I draw out, extend, lengthen, prolong.

   Synonyms: extendō, distendō, prōlongō, porrigō, prōferō, explicō, prōtrahō

6. (of time) I protract, drag out, linger

   Synonyms: retardō, moror, cūnctor, tardō, prōtrahō, dubitō, extrahō, differō

   Antonyms: ruō, accurrō, currō, festīnō, prōvolō, properō, corripiō, affluō, mātūrō

7. I weigh, ponder, consider

   Synonyms: cōnsīderō, dubitō, ponderō, pendō, perpendō, dēlīberō, circumspiciō, cōnsultō, putō, reputō, videō

8. (figuratively) I attract, draw (someone; their attention)
9. (by extension) I attract the support of, sway, win over.

   Synonyms: persuādeō, convincō, perpellō, flectō, admoneō

   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita libri 26.1:

     Ea tum cura maxime intentos habebat Romanos, non ab ira tantum, quae in nullam unquam ciuitatem iustior fuit, quam quod urbs tam nobilis ac potens, sicut defectione sua traxerat aliquot populos, ita recepta inclinatura rursus animos uidebatur ad ueteris imperii respectum.

     This concern in particular troubled the mindful Romans at the time, not so much because of anger, which has never been more justified against any other city, rather because a city so noble and powerful, in the same way that it had attracted the support of a number of communities by its revolt, was thought would again turn attention back towards respect for the previous government once recaptured.

Conjugation

Conjugation of trahō (third conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	trahō	trahis	trahit	trahimus	trahitis	trahunt
	imperfect	trahēbam	trahēbās	trahēbat	trahēbāmus	trahēbātis	trahēbant
	future	traham	trahēs	trahet	trahēmus	trahētis	trahent
	perfect	trāxī	trāxistī	trāxit	trāximus	trāxistis	trāxērunt, trāxēre
	pluperfect	trāxeram	trāxerās	trāxerat	trāxerāmus	trāxerātis	trāxerant
	future perfect	trāxerō	trāxeris	trāxerit	trāxerimus	trāxeritis	trāxerint
passive	present	trahor	traheris, trahere	trahitur	trahimur	trahiminī	trahuntur
	imperfect	trahēbar	trahēbāris, trahēbāre	trahēbātur	trahēbāmur	trahēbāminī	trahēbantur
	future	trahar	trahēris, trahēre	trahētur	trahēmur	trahēminī	trahentur
	perfect	tractus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	tractus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	tractus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	traham	trahās	trahat	trahāmus	trahātis	trahant
	imperfect	traherem	traherēs	traheret	traherēmus	traherētis	traherent
	perfect	trāxerim	trāxerīs	trāxerit	trāxerīmus	trāxerītis	trāxerint
	pluperfect	trāxissem	trāxissēs	trāxisset	trāxissēmus	trāxissētis	trāxissent
passive	present	trahar	trahāris, trahāre	trahātur	trahāmur	trahāminī	trahantur
	imperfect	traherer	traherēris, traherēre	traherētur	traherēmur	traherēminī	traherentur
	perfect	tractus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	tractus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	trahe	—	—	trahite	—
	future	—	trahitō	trahitō	—	trahitōte	trahuntō
passive	present	—	trahere	—	—	trahiminī	—
	future	—	trahitor	trahitor	—	—	trahuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		trahere	trāxisse	tractūrum esse	trahī	tractum esse	tractum īrī
participles		trahēns	—	tractūrus	—	tractus	trahendus, trahundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		trahendī	trahendō	trahendum	trahendō	tractum	tractū

Derived terms

• abstrahō
• attrahō
• circumtrahō
• contrahō
• dētrahō
• distrahō
• extrahō
• intertrahō
• intrahō
• obtrahō
• pertrahō
• prōtrahō
• retrahō
• subtrahō
• supertrahō
• tractābilis
• tractābilitās
• tractābiliter
• tractātiō
• tractātor
• tractātōrium
• tractātrīx
• Tractīcius
• tractim
• tractō
• tractōria
• tractōriae
• tractōrius
• tractum
• tractuōsus
• tractus
• traha
• trahārius
• trahax
• trahea
• trahitōrius

 

Related terms

• tergum
• trāgula

Descendants

• Aragonese: trayer
• Aromanian: trag, tradziri
• Asturian: trayer, traer
• Catalan: traure, treure
• Corsican: trascinà, trescinà, triscinà, strascinà
• Dalmatian: trairo, truar
• Extremaduran: trael, trayel
• Friulian: trai
• Gallurese: trai
• Italian: trarre
• Leonese: trayere
• Ligurian: trâ
• Mirandese: traer, traier
• Navarro-Aragonese: traer, traher, trayer
• Occitan: tréger, traire
• Old French: traire, treire, trere
  • Middle French: traire
    • French: traire
    • Norman: traire (Guernsey), traithe (Jersey)
• Old Occitan: traire
• Old Portuguese: trager, traer
  • Galician: traer, traguer, traiguer
  • Portuguese: trazer
• Old Spanish: traer, traher, trayer
• Piedmontese: trené
• Romanian: trage, tragere
• Romansch: trair, trer, trar
• Sardinian: tràere, trai, tragare, tràghere, tragai
• Sicilian: tràjiri
• Spanish: traer, traje
• Venetian: traxer, trar

References

• “traho”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “traho”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• traho in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to trace one's descent from some one: originem ab aliquo trahere, ducere
    
  • to be guided by ambition: laudis studio trahi
    
  • to feel an attraction for study: litterarum studio trahi
    
  • to feel an attraction for study: trahi, ferri ad litteras
    
  • to protract, prolong a war: bellum ducere, trahere, extrahere
    

1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “trahō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 627
2. Weiss, Michael (2018), “Limited Latin Grassmann's Law: Do We Need It?”, in Dieter Gunkel, Stephanie W. Jamison, Angelo O. Mercado and Kazuhiko Yoshida, editors, Vina Diem Celebrent: Studies in Linguistics and Philology in Honor of Brent Vine, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, pages 438-447