audeo
Latin
Etymology
From Proto-Italic *awidēō (“to be greedy, want very much”), from *awidos (Latin avidus). See the same treatment in ārdeō < āridus.
The past participle is analogus; the past participle of *awidēō, *awidēsi has been attested as *awidatos, which should logically become auditus. The change to ausus could have been done to avoid confusion with audītus, the past participle of audīre (“to hear”).
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈau̯.de.oː/, [ˈäu̯d̪eoː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈau̯.de.o/, [ˈäːu̯d̪eo]
Verb
audeō (present infinitive audēre, perfect active ausī or ausus sum, supine ausum); second conjugation, optionally semi-deponent
- I dare, venture, risk
- Synonym: perīclitor
- 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.1:
- Quam diū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendēre audeat, vīvēs, et vīvēs ita ut nunc vīvis, multīs meīs et firmīs praesidiīs obsessus nē commōvēre tē contrā rem pūblicam possīs. Multōrum tē etiam oculī et aurēs nōn sentientem, sīcut adhūc fēcērunt, speculābuntur atque custōdient.
- As long as one person exists who can dare to defend you, you shall live; but you shall live as you do now, surrounded by my many and trusty guards, so that you shall not be able to stir one finger against the republic: many eyes and ears shall still observe and watch you, as they have hitherto done, though you shall not perceive them.
- Quam diū quisquam erit quī tē dēfendēre audeat, vīvēs, et vīvēs ita ut nunc vīvis, multīs meīs et firmīs praesidiīs obsessus nē commōvēre tē contrā rem pūblicam possīs. Multōrum tē etiam oculī et aurēs nōn sentientem, sīcut adhūc fēcērunt, speculābuntur atque custōdient.
- 20 BCE – 14 BCE, Horace, Epistles 1.40:
- Sapere audē.
- Dare to be wise.
- Sapere audē.
- (poetic) I am eager for battle
Conjugation
- The form sodes is a contraction of "si audes"
| Conjugation of audeō (second conjugation, optionally semi-deponent) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | audeō | audēs | audet | audēmus | audētis | audent |
| imperfect | audēbam | audēbās | audēbat | audēbāmus | audēbātis | audēbant | |
| future | audēbō | audēbis | audēbit | audēbimus | audēbitis | audēbunt | |
| perfect | ausī, ausus sum | ausistī, ausus es | ausit, ausus est | ausimus, ausī sumus | ausistis, ausī estis | ausērunt, ausēre, ausī sunt | |
| pluperfect | auseram, ausus eram | auserās, ausus erās | auserat, ausus erat | auserāmus, ausī erāmus | auserātis, ausī erātis | auserant, ausī erant | |
| future perfect | auserō, ausus erō | auseris, ausus eris | auserit, ausus erit | auserimus, ausī erimus | auseritis, ausī eritis | auserint, ausī erint | |
| sigmatic future1 | ausō | ausis | ausit | ausimus | ausitis | ausint | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | audeam | audeās | audeat | audeāmus | audeātis | audeant |
| imperfect | audērem | audērēs | audēret | audērēmus | audērētis | audērent | |
| perfect | auserim, ausus sim | auserīs, ausus sīs | auserit, ausus sit | auserīmus, ausī sīmus | auserītis, ausī sītis | auserint, ausī sint | |
| pluperfect | ausissem, ausus essem | ausissēs, ausus essēs | ausisset, ausus esset | ausissēmus, ausī essēmus | ausissētis, ausī essētis | ausissent, ausī essent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | ausim | ausīs | ausīt | ausīmus | ausītis | ausint | |
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | audē | — | — | audēte | — |
| future | — | audētō | audētō | — | audētōte | audentō | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | audēre | ausum esse | ausūrum esse | — | — | — | |
| participles | audēns | ausus | ausūrus | — | — | — | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| audendī | audendō | audendum | audendō | ausum | ausū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
Derived terms
- audāx
- audēns
- *ausō
- ausum
- ausus
- sodes
See also
- ausim
- audiō
References
- “audeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “audeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- audeo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN