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单词 tough
释义

tough

English

Etymology

From Middle English tough, towgh, tou, toȝ, from Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”), from Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”), from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).

Cognates
Cognate with Scots teuch (“tough”), tūch (“tough”), Dutch taai (“tough”), Low German tage, taag, taë, taa (“tough”), German zäh (“tough”), dialectal German zach (“tough; boring”).

Pronunciation

  • enPR: tŭf, IPA(key): /tʌf/
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -ʌf
  • Homophone: tuff

Adjective

tough (comparative tougher, superlative toughest)

  1. (of a material) Strong and resilient; sturdy.
    The tent, made of tough canvas, held up to many abuses.
  2. (of food) Difficult to cut or chew.
    To soften a tough cut of meat, the recipe suggested simmering it for hours.
  3. (of a person or animal) Rugged or physically hardy.
    Only a tough species will survive in the desert.
    • 2010, Brian Lovett, Hunting Tough Turkeys, Stackpole Books, page 3,
      But before you quit turkey hunting and take up model-train collecting, let me give you the good news: you can score on tough turkeys. In fact, you can kill the toughest turkey in the woods.
  4. (of a person) Stubborn or persistent; capable of stubbornness or persistence.
    He had a reputation as a tough negotiator.
  5. (of weather, etc.) Harsh or severe.
  6. Rowdy or rough.
    A bunch of the tough boys from the wrong side of the tracks threatened him.
  7. (of questions, etc.) Difficult or demanding.
    This is a tough crowd.
    • 1998, Lois Liederman Davitz, Joel Robert Davitz, 20 Tough Questions Teenagers Ask and 20 Tough Answers, Paulist Press, pages 6-7,
      But let's get back to the tough question about sex before marriage. And this is a tough question. In fact we would rank the question you've both raised as pretty high on our list of tough questions.
    • 2012, BioWare, Mass Effect 3 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, OCLC 962368035, PC, scene: Earth:
      Anderson: We fought hard to get here. But now the toughest part of our mission begins.
      Anderson: We've got to drive right through the heart of Reaper-controlled territory, break past their defenses, and get to that beacon.
    • 2010, Rushworth M. Kidder, Good Kids, Tough Choices, Wiley (Jossey-Bass), page 96,
      What Lara faced, in fact, falls right into the pool of light beneath our second lens: making tough choices.
  8. (material science) Undergoing plastic deformation before breaking.

Derived terms

Terms derived from tough (adjective)
  • do it tough
  • hang tough
  • semitough
  • supertough
  • tough call
  • tough case
  • tough cookie
  • tough crowd
  • toughen
  • tough guy
  • toughie
  • toughish
  • tough love
  • tough luck
  • toughly
  • tough-minded
  • toughness
  • tough nut to crack
  • tough row to hoe
  • tough shit
  • tough titty
  • tough toodles
  • tough tuchus
  • toughy
  • ultratough
  • when the going gets tough, the tough get going

Translations

resilient — see resilient
stubborn — see stubborn

Interjection

tough

  1. (slang) Used to indicate lack of sympathy
    If you don't like it, tough!

Translations

Noun

tough (plural toughs)

  1. A person who obtains things by force; a thug or bully.
    They were doing fine until they encountered a bunch of toughs from the opposition.
    • 2018, Sandeep Jauhar, Heart: a History, →ISBN, page 54:
      He was in his early fifties, extensively tattooed, just the sort of tough I wouldn't want to meet alone in a parking lot at night, but right then he was whimpering.

Translations

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Verb

tough (third-person singular simple present toughs, present participle toughing, simple past and past participle toughed)

  1. To endure.
    • 2009, Paul Walsh, You and I and Others, →ISBN, page 64 - 65:
      We shall reminisce on how we toughed it through the winters as they reached the firm, long arm around to give the cold embrace, with ardor seldom loosed till warm winds Marched or Apriled in to soften winter's knuckles -- send rivulets of courage down to dandelions and tulips.
    • 2011, Henry David Thoreau, Damion Searls, The Journal of Henry David Thoreau, 1837-1861, →ISBN, page 254:
      “No,” said Minott, “I've toughed it through the winter, and i want to stay and hear the bluebirds once more.
    • 2012, Jerry Hopkins -, Extreme Cuisine: The Weird and Wonderful Foods That People Eat, →ISBN:
      Universal Plant Edibility Test The following sounds like a lot of work—it is!—but that's because it comes from the US Army Survival Manual as republished in 1994 as "a civilian's best guide for toughing it, anyplace in the world...a must for campers, hikers, explorers, pilots, and others whose vocation or avocations require familiarity with the wilderness or out-of-doors..."
  2. To toughen.

Derived terms

  • tough out

Translations

endure — see endure
toughen — see toughen

Anagrams

  • ought

German

Etymology

Borrowed from English tough; see also German taff.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /taf/
  • Audio(file)

Adjective

tough (strong nominative masculine singular tougher, comparative tougher, superlative am toughsten or am toughesten)

  1. (slang) Alternative form of taff (“tough; robust; assertive and not overly sensitive”)

Declension

Positive forms of tough
number & gendersingularplural
masculinefeminineneuterall genders
predicativeer ist toughsie ist toughes ist toughsie sind tough
strong declension
(without article)		nominativetoughertoughetoughestoughe
genitivetoughentoughertoughentougher
dativetoughemtoughertoughemtoughen
accusativetoughentoughetoughestoughe
weak declension
(with definite article)		nominativeder toughedie toughedas toughedie toughen
genitivedes toughender toughendes toughender toughen
dativedem toughender toughendem toughenden toughen
accusativeden toughendie toughedas toughedie toughen
mixed declension
(with indefinite article)		nominativeein toughereine tougheein toughes(keine) toughen
genitiveeines tougheneiner tougheneines toughen(keiner) toughen
dativeeinem tougheneiner tougheneinem toughen(keinen) toughen
accusativeeinen tougheneine tougheein toughes(keine) toughen
Comparative forms of tough
number & gendersingularplural
masculinefeminineneuterall genders
predicativeer ist toughersie ist tougheres ist toughersie sind tougher
strong declension
(without article)		nominativetougherertougheretougherestoughere
genitivetougherentougherertougherentougherer
dativetougheremtougherertougheremtougheren
accusativetougherentougheretougherestoughere
weak declension
(with definite article)		nominativeder tougheredie tougheredas tougheredie tougheren
genitivedes tougherender tougherendes tougherender tougheren
dativedem tougherender tougherendem tougherenden tougheren
accusativeden tougherendie tougheredas tougheredie tougheren
mixed declension
(with indefinite article)		nominativeein tougherereine toughereein tougheres(keine) tougheren
genitiveeines toughereneiner toughereneines tougheren(keiner) tougheren
dativeeinem toughereneiner toughereneinem tougheren(keinen) tougheren
accusativeeinen toughereneine toughereein tougheres(keine) tougheren
Superlative forms of tough
number & gendersingularplural
masculinefeminineneuterall genders
predicativeer ist am toughsten
er ist am toughesten		sie ist am toughsten
sie ist am toughesten		es ist am toughsten
es ist am toughesten		sie sind am toughsten
sie sind am toughesten
strong declension
(without article)		nominativetoughster
toughester		toughste
tougheste		toughstes
toughestes		toughste
tougheste
genitivetoughsten
toughesten		toughster
toughester		toughsten
toughesten		toughster
toughester
dativetoughstem
toughestem		toughster
toughester		toughstem
toughestem		toughsten
toughesten
accusativetoughsten
toughesten		toughste
tougheste		toughstes
toughestes		toughste
tougheste
weak declension
(with definite article)		nominativeder toughste
der tougheste		die toughste
die tougheste		das toughste
das tougheste		die toughsten
die toughesten
genitivedes toughsten
des toughesten		der toughsten
der toughesten		des toughsten
des toughesten		der toughsten
der toughesten
dativedem toughsten
dem toughesten		der toughsten
der toughesten		dem toughsten
dem toughesten		den toughsten
den toughesten
accusativeden toughsten
den toughesten		die toughste
die tougheste		das toughste
das tougheste		die toughsten
die toughesten
mixed declension
(with indefinite article)		nominativeein toughster
ein toughester		eine toughste
eine tougheste		ein toughstes
ein toughestes		(keine) toughsten
(keine) toughesten
genitiveeines toughsten
eines toughesten		einer toughsten
einer toughesten		eines toughsten
eines toughesten		(keiner) toughsten
(keiner) toughesten
dativeeinem toughsten
einem toughesten		einer toughsten
einer toughesten		einem toughsten
einem toughesten		(keinen) toughsten
(keinen) toughesten
accusativeeinen toughsten
einen toughesten		eine toughste
eine tougheste		ein toughstes
ein toughestes		(keine) toughsten
(keine) toughesten

Further reading

  • “tough” in Duden online
  • “tough” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Middle English

Noun

tough

  1. Alternative form of tow
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