to-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "to"

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English to-, from Old English tō-, te- (“apart, away”), from Proto-Germanic *twiz- (“apart, in two”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwis- (“two-ways, in twain”).

Prefix

to-

(no longer productive) apart, away, asunder, in pieces; expressing separation, negation, or intensity[1].

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with to-

Related terms

all to

Etymology 2

From to.

Prefix

to-

(rare, dialectal or no longer productive) to, toward, at, or on (this).
today
to-year
tonight
together

Derived terms

to-be
to-bread
to-come
to-do
tofore
toyear

References

Whitney, The Century dictionary and cyclopedia, to-

Anagrams

OT, ot-

Classical Nahuatl

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /to/

Prefix

to-

Etymology 1

(personal prefix, possessive) Used to form the first-person plural possessive of nouns: our. Can combine with relational words to form relational adverbs.
nāntzintli (“mother”) → tonāntzin (“our mother”)
calli (“house”) → tocal (“our house”)
-tlōc (“beside”) → totlōc (“beside us”)

Derived terms

Category Classical Nahuatl nouns prefixed with to- not found

Etymology 2

(personal prefix, reflexive) Used to form the first-person plural reflexive of transitive verbs: ourselves. May also indicate reciprocity between the 1st person party: we ____ each other. For certain verbs, this imparts an intransitive sense rather than a strictly reflexive one.
titītza (“to stretch something”) → titotitītzah (“We stretch (ourselves)”)
itta (“to see something”) → titottah (“We see ourselves, We look at each other”)
tolīnia (“to bother someone, to make suffer”) → titotolīniah (“We suffer, We are bothered”)

Usage notes

As with the other reflexive prefixes and tla-, this prefixes causes deletion of initial i in verbs such as itta or ilpia, with the exception of verbs beginning with ih- such as ihquiti.

Middle English

Etymology 1

From to (“in the direction of”), from Old English tō.

Alternative forms

toe-, tou-, ta-, te-, tu-, tuo-, two-, tow-

Prefix

to-

Affixed to verbs and verb inflections to impart a sense of motion, directionality and/or extension.
Affixed to adjectives, adverbs and prepositions to impart a sense of approach, extension and/or proximity.
(rare) Affixed to nouns to impart a sense of motion, directionality and/or extension.

Derived terms

Verbs and inflections formed with to-

toansweren
toassignen
tobilimpen
tobore
tobouen
tocasten
toclepen
tocomen
tocomynge
todiȝten
tofon
togrowynge
toiteied
toknelen
tolepen
toleyen
toneȝen
toproken
toresen
tosen
tosenden
tosetten
tosettynge
tospeken
tospyren
tosteppen
tostonden
tostyen
tosweren
tosælen
totemen
toten
tothynken
totiȝten
toturnen
towarened
towenden
towirchynge
towiten
toyede
toyelden
toysette
toȝewriþen

Adjectives, adverbs and prepositions formed with to-

toayens
today
tofore
togeder
tomiddes
tomorwe
tonyght
tosamen
totwene
toward
towardes
towardly
towhile
towhiles
toyen
toyenes
toyere
toþeþur
toȝeves

Nouns formed with to-

tocome
todraght
tofall
toflight
tohope
toname
tosupporte
totagge
toturn
towardnesse

Descendants

English: to-

References

“tọ̄̆-, pref.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 9 April 2018.

Etymology 2

From Old English tō-, te- (“apart, asunder”).

Alternative forms

te-, tu-

Prefix

to-

Appended to verbs and nouns to impart a sense of separation and/or departure.
Appended to verbs and nouns to intensify or emphasise the meaning.

Derived terms

Verbs and inflections formed with to-

tobellen
tobenden
tobreken
tobresten
tobysten
tocheuen
tocleven
toclouten
tocracchen
todashen
todelen
todelven
todereinen
todiminuen
todrauen
todreven
todriven
todynen
tofallen
tofaren
toferen
toflen
tofleten
toflouen
tofrushen
tognauen
togniden
tognodden
tograbben
togreven
togrinden
toharwen
toheden
tohenen
toheuen
tohurten
tohwiðeren
toknouen
tolaughen
toliðen
tomurten
topreven
torenden
toresen
toschiften
toshenden
tosheren
tosheten
toshiveren
toshrapen
toslateren
toslyften
tosparplen
tospateren
tosprengen
tosterten
tostonden
toswelten
tosweten
toteren
totrayen
totreden
totyren
towalten
towarplen
towaxen
towherven
towurðen
toyeten
toysheden

Nouns formed with to-

toborstennysse
todel
todræfednysse
tolysnysse
tolætenysse
tosetnesse
toworpennysse
toðundennysse
toȝotenysse

Descendants

English: to-

References

“tọ̄̆-, pref. (2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 9 April 2018.

Old English

Alternative forms

te-, ti-

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *twiz-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. Cognate with Old Frisian ti-, te-, Old Saxon te-, Old High German zi-, zir-, zar-, zur- (German zer-), Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-), and with Latin dis-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtoː/ (as a nominal prefix)
IPA^(key): /toː/ (as a verbal prefix)

Prefix

tō-

verbal prefix with a sense of "in pieces, apart, asunder", or with intensive force
tefeallan, tōfeallan ― to fall apart
titwǣman, tōtwǣman ― to separate
tetorfian, tōtorfian ― to toss about
used to form substantives from other nouns
tōtalu ― reputation
tōsprǣċ ― conversation

Usage notes

The prefix has two basic forms: stressed (tō-) and unstressed (te-, ti-). Originally, the unstressed formed verbs, and the stressed formed other derivatives (nouns, adverbs, etc). This distinction was blurred in later Old English where the stressed form came to be used for both.

Derived terms

Old English terms prefixed with to-

Old Irish

Alternative forms

do- (pretonic form)

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *to-.

Prefix

to- (pretonic do-)

prefix used to create verbs and associated verbal nouns

Usage notes

Verbs whose deuterotonic forms begin with this prefix followed by a stressed vowel are permitted to use prototonic forms even when normally a deuterotonic form would be used (i.e. in independent or relative position). For example:
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 30^d11
  Tánicc aimser mo idbarte-se. ― The time of offering me has come. (preterite of do·icc: prototonic tánicc used instead of deuterotonic do·ánicc)

Derived terms

Old Irish terms prefixed with to-

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *tō.

Prefix

to-

Creates words with a sense of ‘towards, to, against’
tōdōn (“to add; to close”)
tōheftian (“to fix”)
tōhlinon (“to lean against”)
tōhnēgian (“to neigh towards”)
tōrūnon (“to whisper”)
tōsprekan (“to speak with, discuss, talk to”)
tōstōtan (“to push, thrust”)
tōward (“future”)
tōwardes (“near”)
tōwardig (“near”)
tōwendian (“to turn towards”)

Derived terms

Category Old Saxon terms prefixed with to- not found

Ternate

Etymology

Cognate with Tehit t- (“first-person singular prefix”).

Pronoun

to- (Jawi تو-‎)

first-person singular clitic, I
ngori tosonyinga moju ngana na demo se ngori. ― I still remember your words to me.

References

Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Wiyot

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tɑ-/

Preverb

to-

The definite article: the

References

Karl V. Teeter (1964) The Wiyot Language, University of California press, page 95

Wolio

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀ-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /to-/

Prefix

to-

marks the impersonal passive of transitive verbs
tobawa (“to be brought”)
forms verbs expressing involuntary action
tole'e (“to urinate”)

References

Anceaux, Johannes C. 1988. The Wolio Language. Dordrecht: Foris.

[1] Whitney, The Century dictionary and cyclopedia, to-