.tjwn
Egyptian
Pronunciation
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /ʔtiuːn/
- Conventional anglicization: .tiun
Pronoun
|
pl or du 2. stative ending
- (attached to a stative verb form) you
Usage notes
Some authors have interpreted this morpheme as .tjwnj based on the Middle Egyptian form and extrapolated from the third-person stative endings to reconstruct a dual form *.tjwny; however, others suggest that .tjwnj is a later develoment and note that the only attested dual forms are written identically to the plural.
Another suggestion sometimes found is that the bird glyph in this morpheme could be read tw rather than its common value tjw, yielding .twn with variant .twnj.
Inflection
Old Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j | .k, .kj1 | .ṯ, .ṯn | .f, .fj1 | .s, .sj1 |
| dual | .nj | .ṯnj | .snj | |||
| plural | .n | .ṯn | .sn | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | w, wj, wy | kw, k, ṯw, ṯ | ṯm, ṯn | sw, s | s |
| dual | — | ṯnj | snj | |||
| plural | n | ṯn | sn | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk | ṯwt | ṯmt | swt | stt |
| dual | — | — | ntsnj | |||
| plural | — | ntṯn | ntsn, jntsn | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kj, .k | .tj, .t | ∅, .j | .tj, .t | |
| dual | — | .tjwn | .wy, .wj | .ty | ||
| plural | .wn, .nw | ∅, .w, .y, .wy | .tj, .t | |||
| ||||||
Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j | .k, .kj1 | .ṯ, .t | .f, .fj1 | .s, .sj1 |
| dual2 | .nj | .ṯnj, .tnj | .snj | |||
| plural | .n | .ṯn, .tn | .sn, .w3 | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | wj, w | ṯw, tw | ṯn, tn | sw, st | sj, s, st |
| plural | n | ṯn, tn | sn, st | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk | ntk, ṯwt2 | ntṯ, ntt, ṯwt2 | ntf, swt2 | nts, swt2 |
| plural | jnn3 | ntṯn, nttn | ntsn | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kw | .tj, .t, .tw3 | ∅, .w | .tj, .t, .tw3 | |
| plural | .wn, .wjn | .tjwn, .tjwnj | ∅, .w, .y | |||
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3 | singular | tw.j | tw.k | tw.t | sw | sj, st |
| plural | tw.n | tw.tn | st | |||
| ||||||
Late Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j | .k, .kw | .t | .f, .fj | .s, .st, .sw |
| plural | .n | .tn, .twn | .w, .sn1 | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1 | singular | wj | tw, tj | sw, st | ||
| plural | n, wn | twtn | sn, st | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk | mntk, mtwk | mntt, mtwy | mntf | mntst, mntjst |
| plural | jnn | mnttn | mntw | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1 | singular | .kw, .k | .tj, .tw | ∅, .w, .y | .tj, .tw | |
| plural | .n | .tn | ∅, .w, .y | |||
| unmarked (later) | ∅, .tw | |||||
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns | singular | tw.j | tw.k | tw.t | sw | st, sw |
| plural | tw.n | tw.tn | st, sw, swst | |||
| ||||||
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of .tjwn
|
| |||||||
| .tjwnj | .tjwnj | |||||||
| [since the Middle Kingdom] | [since the Middle Kingdom] |
References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN.
- Edel, Elmar (1955-1964) Altägyptische Grammatik, Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum