thwala
Xhosa
Etymology
From Proto-Nguni [Term?], from Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́ada.
Verb
-thwála
- (transitive) to carry
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Zulu
Etymology
From Proto-Nguni [Term?], from Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́ada.
Verb
-thwála
- (transitive) to carry
- (transitive) to wear (on the head or shoulders)
Inflection
Tone H | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukuthwala | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukuthwala | ukungathwali | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | thwala | -thwale | |||||||
Plural | thwalani | -thwaleni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyathwala, ngithwala | engithwalayo, engithwala | ngithwala | angithwali | engingathwali | ngingathwali | |||
2nd singular | uyathwala, uthwala | othwalayo, othwala | uthwala | awuthwali | ongathwali | ungathwali | |||
1st plural | siyathwala, sithwala | esithwalayo, esithwala | sithwala | asithwali | esingathwali | singathwali | |||
2nd plural | niyathwala, nithwala | enithwalayo, enithwala | nithwala | anithwali | eningathwali | ningathwali | |||
Class 1 | uyathwala, uthwala | othwalayo, othwala | ethwala | akathwali | ongathwali | engathwali | |||
Class 2 | bayathwala, bathwala | abathwalayo, abathwala | bethwala | abathwali | abangathwali | bengathwali | |||
Class 3 | uyathwala, uthwala | othwalayo, othwala | uthwala | awuthwali | ongathwali | ungathwali | |||
Class 4 | iyathwala, ithwala | ethwalayo, ethwala | ithwala | ayithwali | engathwali | ingathwali | |||
Class 5 | liyathwala, lithwala | elithwalayo, elithwala | lithwala | alithwali | elingathwali | lingathwali | |||
Class 6 | ayathwala, athwala | athwalayo, athwala | ethwala | awathwali | angathwali | engathwali | |||
Class 7 | siyathwala, sithwala | esithwalayo, esithwala | sithwala | asithwali | esingathwali | singathwali | |||
Class 8 | ziyathwala, zithwala | ezithwalayo, ezithwala | zithwala | azithwali | ezingathwali | zingathwali | |||
Class 9 | iyathwala, ithwala | ethwalayo, ethwala | ithwala | ayithwali | engathwali | ingathwali | |||
Class 10 | ziyathwala, zithwala | ezithwalayo, ezithwala | zithwala | azithwali | ezingathwali | zingathwali | |||
Class 11 | luyathwala, luthwala | oluthwalayo, oluthwala | luthwala | aluthwali | olungathwali | lungathwali | |||
Class 14 | buyathwala, buthwala | obuthwalayo, obuthwala | buthwala | abuthwali | obungathwali | bungathwali | |||
Class 15 | kuyathwala, kuthwala | okuthwalayo, okuthwala | kuthwala | akuthwali | okungathwali | kungathwali | |||
Class 17 | kuyathwala, kuthwala | okuthwalayo, okuthwala | kuthwala | akuthwali | okungathwali | kungathwali | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngithwalile, ngithwalē | engithwalile, engithwalē | ngithwalile, ngithwalē | angithwalanga | engingathwalanga | ngingathwalanga | |||
2nd singular | uthwalile, uthwalē | othwalile, othwalē | uthwalile, uthwalē | awuthwalanga | ongathwalanga | ungathwalanga | |||
1st plural | sithwalile, sithwalē | esithwalile, esithwalē | sithwalile, sithwalē | asithwalanga | esingathwalanga | singathwalanga | |||
2nd plural | nithwalile, nithwalē | enithwalile, enithwalē | nithwalile, nithwalē | anithwalanga | eningathwalanga | ningathwalanga | |||
Class 1 | uthwalile, uthwalē | othwalile, othwalē | ethwalile, ethwalē | akathwalanga | ongathwalanga | engathwalanga | |||
Class 2 | bathwalile, bathwalē | abathwalile, abathwalē | bethwalile, bethwalē | abathwalanga | abangathwalanga | bengathwalanga | |||
Class 3 | uthwalile, uthwalē | othwalile, othwalē | uthwalile, uthwalē | awuthwalanga | ongathwalanga | ungathwalanga | |||
Class 4 | ithwalile, ithwalē | ethwalile, ethwalē | ithwalile, ithwalē | ayithwalanga | engathwalanga | ingathwalanga | |||
Class 5 | lithwalile, lithwalē | elithwalile, elithwalē | lithwalile, lithwalē | alithwalanga | elingathwalanga | lingathwalanga | |||
Class 6 | athwalile, athwalē | athwalile, athwalē | ethwalile, ethwalē | awathwalanga | angathwalanga | engathwalanga | |||
Class 7 | sithwalile, sithwalē | esithwalile, esithwalē | sithwalile, sithwalē | asithwalanga | esingathwalanga | singathwalanga | |||
Class 8 | zithwalile, zithwalē | ezithwalile, ezithwalē | zithwalile, zithwalē | azithwalanga | ezingathwalanga | zingathwalanga | |||
Class 9 | ithwalile, ithwalē | ethwalile, ethwalē | ithwalile, ithwalē | ayithwalanga | engathwalanga | ingathwalanga | |||
Class 10 | zithwalile, zithwalē | ezithwalile, ezithwalē | zithwalile, zithwalē | azithwalanga | ezingathwalanga | zingathwalanga | |||
Class 11 | luthwalile, luthwalē | oluthwalile, oluthwalē | luthwalile, luthwalē | aluthwalanga | olungathwalanga | lungathwalanga | |||
Class 14 | buthwalile, buthwalē | obuthwalile, obuthwalē | buthwalile, buthwalē | abuthwalanga | obungathwalanga | bungathwalanga | |||
Class 15 | kuthwalile, kuthwalē | okuthwalile, okuthwalē | kuthwalile, kuthwalē | akuthwalanga | okungathwalanga | kungathwalanga | |||
Class 17 | kuthwalile, kuthwalē | okuthwalile, okuthwalē | kuthwalile, kuthwalē | akuthwalanga | okungathwalanga | kungathwalanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāthwala | engāthwala | ngāthwala | angithwalanga | engingathwalanga | ngingathwalanga | |||
2nd singular | wāthwala | owāthwala | wāthwala | awuthwalanga | ongathwalanga | ungathwalanga | |||
1st plural | sāthwala | esāthwala | sāthwala | asithwalanga | esingathwalanga | singathwalanga | |||
2nd plural | nāthwala | enāthwala | nāthwala | anithwalanga | eningathwalanga | ningathwalanga | |||
Class 1 | wāthwala | owāthwala | āthwala | akathwalanga | ongathwalanga | engathwalanga | |||
Class 2 | bāthwala | abāthwala | bāthwala | abathwalanga | abangathwalanga | bengathwalanga | |||
Class 3 | wāthwala | owāthwala | wāthwala | awuthwalanga | ongathwalanga | ungathwalanga | |||
Class 4 | yāthwala | eyāthwala | yāthwala | ayithwalanga | engathwalanga | ingathwalanga | |||
Class 5 | lāthwala | elāthwala | lāthwala | alithwalanga | elingathwalanga | lingathwalanga | |||
Class 6 | āthwala | āthwala | āthwala | awathwalanga | angathwalanga | engathwalanga | |||
Class 7 | sāthwala | esāthwala | sāthwala | asithwalanga | esingathwalanga | singathwalanga | |||
Class 8 | zāthwala | ezāthwala | zāthwala | azithwalanga | ezingathwalanga | zingathwalanga | |||
Class 9 | yāthwala | eyāthwala | yāthwala | ayithwalanga | engathwalanga | ingathwalanga | |||
Class 10 | zāthwala | ezāthwala | zāthwala | azithwalanga | ezingathwalanga | zingathwalanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāthwala | olwāthwala | lwāthwala | aluthwalanga | olungathwalanga | lungathwalanga | |||
Class 14 | bāthwala | obāthwala | bāthwala | abuthwalanga | obungathwalanga | bungathwalanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāthwala | okwāthwala | kwāthwala | akuthwalanga | okungathwalanga | kungathwalanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāthwala | okwāthwala | kwāthwala | akuthwalanga | okungathwalanga | kungathwalanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingathwala | — | ngingathwala | ngingethwale | — | ngingethwale | |||
2nd singular | ungathwala | — | ungathwala | ungethwale | — | ungethwale | |||
1st plural | singathwala | — | singathwala | singethwale | — | singethwale | |||
2nd plural | ningathwala | — | ningathwala | ningethwale | — | ningethwale | |||
Class 1 | angathwala | — | engathwala | angethwale | — | engethwale | |||
Class 2 | bangathwala | — | bengathwala | bangethwale | — | bengethwale | |||
Class 3 | ungathwala | — | ungathwala | ungethwale | — | ungethwale | |||
Class 4 | ingathwala | — | ingathwala | ingethwale | — | ingethwale | |||
Class 5 | lingathwala | — | lingathwala | lingethwale | — | lingethwale | |||
Class 6 | angathwala | — | engathwala | angethwale | — | engethwale | |||
Class 7 | singathwala | — | singathwala | singethwale | — | singethwale | |||
Class 8 | zingathwala | — | zingathwala | zingethwale | — | zingethwale | |||
Class 9 | ingathwala | — | ingathwala | ingethwale | — | ingethwale | |||
Class 10 | zingathwala | — | zingathwala | zingethwale | — | zingethwale | |||
Class 11 | lungathwala | — | lungathwala | lungethwale | — | lungethwale | |||
Class 14 | bungathwala | — | bungathwala | bungethwale | — | bungethwale | |||
Class 15 | kungathwala | — | kungathwala | kungethwale | — | kungethwale | |||
Class 17 | kungathwala | — | kungathwala | kungethwale | — | kungethwale | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizothwala | engizothwala | ngizothwala | angizuthwala | engingezuthwala | ngingezuthwala | |||
2nd singular | uzothwala | ozothwala | uzothwala | awuzuthwala | ongezuthwala | ungezuthwala | |||
1st plural | sizothwala | esizothwala | sizothwala | asizuthwala | esingezuthwala | singezuthwala | |||
2nd plural | nizothwala | enizothwala | nizothwala | anizuthwala | eningezuthwala | ningezuthwala | |||
Class 1 | uzothwala | ozothwala | ezothwala | akazuthwala | ongezuthwala | engezuthwala | |||
Class 2 | bazothwala | abazothwala | bezothwala | abazuthwala | abangezuthwala | bengezuthwala | |||
Class 3 | uzothwala | ozothwala | uzothwala | awuzuthwala | ongezuthwala | ungezuthwala | |||
Class 4 | izothwala | ezothwala | izothwala | ayizuthwala | engezuthwala | ingezuthwala | |||
Class 5 | lizothwala | elizothwala | lizothwala | alizuthwala | elingezuthwala | lingezuthwala | |||
Class 6 | azothwala | azothwala | ezothwala | awazuthwala | angezuthwala | engezuthwala | |||
Class 7 | sizothwala | esizothwala | sizothwala | asizuthwala | esingezuthwala | singezuthwala | |||
Class 8 | zizothwala | ezizothwala | zizothwala | azizuthwala | ezingezuthwala | zingezuthwala | |||
Class 9 | izothwala | ezothwala | izothwala | ayizuthwala | engezuthwala | ingezuthwala | |||
Class 10 | zizothwala | ezizothwala | zizothwala | azizuthwala | ezingezuthwala | zingezuthwala | |||
Class 11 | luzothwala | oluzothwala | luzothwala | aluzuthwala | olungezuthwala | lungezuthwala | |||
Class 14 | buzothwala | obuzothwala | buzothwala | abuzuthwala | obungezuthwala | bungezuthwala | |||
Class 15 | kuzothwala | okuzothwala | kuzothwala | akuzuthwala | okungezuthwala | kungezuthwala | |||
Class 17 | kuzothwala | okuzothwala | kuzothwala | akuzuthwala | okungezuthwala | kungezuthwala | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyothwala | engiyothwala | ngiyothwala | angiyuthwala | engingeyuthwala | ngingeyuthwala | |||
2nd singular | uyothwala | oyothwala | uyothwala | awuyuthwala | ongeyuthwala | ungeyuthwala | |||
1st plural | siyothwala | esiyothwala | siyothwala | asiyuthwala | esingeyuthwala | singeyuthwala | |||
2nd plural | niyothwala | eniyothwala | niyothwala | aniyuthwala | eningeyuthwala | ningeyuthwala | |||
Class 1 | uyothwala | oyothwala | eyothwala | akayuthwala | ongeyuthwala | engeyuthwala | |||
Class 2 | bayothwala | abayothwala | beyothwala | abayuthwala | abangeyuthwala | bengeyuthwala | |||
Class 3 | uyothwala | oyothwala | uyothwala | awuyuthwala | ongeyuthwala | ungeyuthwala | |||
Class 4 | iyothwala | eyothwala | iyothwala | ayiyuthwala | engeyuthwala | ingeyuthwala | |||
Class 5 | liyothwala | eliyothwala | liyothwala | aliyuthwala | elingeyuthwala | lingeyuthwala | |||
Class 6 | ayothwala | ayothwala | eyothwala | awayuthwala | angeyuthwala | engeyuthwala | |||
Class 7 | siyothwala | esiyothwala | siyothwala | asiyuthwala | esingeyuthwala | singeyuthwala | |||
Class 8 | ziyothwala | eziyothwala | ziyothwala | aziyuthwala | ezingeyuthwala | zingeyuthwala | |||
Class 9 | iyothwala | eyothwala | iyothwala | ayiyuthwala | engeyuthwala | ingeyuthwala | |||
Class 10 | ziyothwala | eziyothwala | ziyothwala | aziyuthwala | ezingeyuthwala | zingeyuthwala | |||
Class 11 | luyothwala | oluyothwala | luyothwala | aluyuthwala | olungeyuthwala | lungeyuthwala | |||
Class 14 | buyothwala | obuyothwala | buyothwala | abuyuthwala | obungeyuthwala | bungeyuthwala | |||
Class 15 | kuyothwala | okuyothwala | kuyothwala | akuyuthwala | okungeyuthwala | kungeyuthwala | |||
Class 17 | kuyothwala | okuyothwala | kuyothwala | akuyuthwala | okungeyuthwala | kungeyuthwala | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngithwale | ngingathwali | |||||||
2nd singular | uthwale | ungathwali | |||||||
1st plural | sithwale | singathwali | |||||||
2nd plural | nithwale | ningathwali | |||||||
Class 1 | athwale | angathwali | |||||||
Class 2 | bathwale | bangathwali | |||||||
Class 3 | uthwale | ungathwali | |||||||
Class 4 | ithwale | ingathwali | |||||||
Class 5 | lithwale | lingathwali | |||||||
Class 6 | athwale | angathwali | |||||||
Class 7 | sithwale | singathwali | |||||||
Class 8 | zithwale | zingathwali | |||||||
Class 9 | ithwale | ingathwali | |||||||
Class 10 | zithwale | zingathwali | |||||||
Class 11 | luthwale | lungathwali | |||||||
Class 14 | buthwale | bungathwali | |||||||
Class 15 | kuthwale | kungathwali | |||||||
Class 17 | kuthwale | kungathwali | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngathwala | ngangathwala, angathwala, angangathwala | |||||||
2nd singular | wathwala | wangathwala, awathwala, awangathwala | |||||||
1st plural | sathwala | sangathwala, asathwala, asangathwala | |||||||
2nd plural | nathwala | nangathwala, anathwala, anangathwala | |||||||
Class 1 | wathwala | wangathwala, akathwala, akangathwala | |||||||
Class 2 | bathwala | bangathwala, abathwala, abangathwala | |||||||
Class 3 | wathwala | wangathwala, awathwala, awangathwala | |||||||
Class 4 | yathwala | yangathwala, ayathwala, ayangathwala | |||||||
Class 5 | lathwala | langathwala, alathwala, alangathwala | |||||||
Class 6 | athwala | angathwala, awathwala, awangathwala | |||||||
Class 7 | sathwala | sangathwala, asathwala, asangathwala | |||||||
Class 8 | zathwala | zangathwala, azathwala, azangathwala | |||||||
Class 9 | yathwala | yangathwala, ayathwala, ayangathwala | |||||||
Class 10 | zathwala | zangathwala, azathwala, azangathwala | |||||||
Class 11 | lwathwala | lwangathwala, alwathwala, alwangathwala | |||||||
Class 14 | bathwala | bangathwala, abathwala, abangathwala | |||||||
Class 15 | kwathwala | kwangathwala, akwathwala, akwangathwala | |||||||
Class 17 | kwathwala | kwangathwala, akwathwala, akwangathwala |
References
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “thwala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “thwala (3.9)”