t-
English
Etymology
Abbreviation of tert-. (tertiary)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /tiː/
Prefix
t-
- (organic chemistry) tertiary form
Synonyms
- tert-
Coordinate terms
- n- (normal form)
- s- (secondary form)
Afar
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /t/
Prefix
t-
- Used together with the suffix -í to create feminine agent nouns.
References
- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie), Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 118
Emilian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /t/
Pronoun
t- (personal, nominative case)
- (before a vowel) Alternative form of et
Related terms
Number | Person | Gender | Proclitic | Enclitic | Aphetic | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | A | D | R | N | A | D | R | N | A | D | R | |||
Singular | First | — | aj- | m’ | -ja | -em | -ja | -m | ||||||
Second | — | t- | t’ | -et | -t | |||||||||
Third | Masculine | l- | g’ | s’ | -el | -eg | -es | -l | -g | -s | ||||
Feminine | l’ | -la | -la | |||||||||||
Plural | First | — | aj- | s’ | -ja | -es | -ja | -s | ||||||
Second | — | aj- | v’ | -ev | -v | |||||||||
Third | Masculine | j- | g’ | s’ | -i | -eg | -es | -j | -g | -s | ||||
Feminine | elj- | -li | -li |
Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /t̪ˠ/ (before a, á, o, ó, u, ú and where it replaces /sˠ/)
- IPA(key): /tʲ/ (before e, é, i, í and where it replaces /ʃ/)
Prefix
t-
- Marker of t-prothesis
- an t-athair ― the father
- an tAthair ― the Father
- Marker of lenition of s after the definite article
- an tseachtain ― the week
- an tSín ― China
Usage notes
Written with a hyphen before lowercase vowel letters, without a hyphen before s and uppercase vowel letters.
Maltese
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /t/
Article
t-
- Alternative form of il-
Usage notes
- Used after a vowel and before the letter t. For details on usage, see the main lemma.
Maquiritari
Alternative forms
- (allomorphs) tü-, tu-, ti-, te-
Etymology
From Proto-Cariban [Term?].
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [t-]
Prefix
t-
- Marks a noun as having a reflexive possessor, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
- Marks a postposition as having a reflexive object, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause..
- Marks a verb in a verb form that takes series II markers as having a reflexive argument, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
- Marks an unspecified person when obligatorily used with the adverbializers -e, -emje, and -ke, forming circumfixes t- -e, t- -emje, and t- -ke.
- Marks a transitive verb as having a third-person patient/object with verb forms that take series II markers for a small group of verbs, namely those whose roots start with a consonantless open syllable ü or ö.
Usage notes
The form t- is used before vowels. Before a w, or before a syllable beginning with a consonant whose vowel is anything but u or i, the form tü- is used. Before a consonant-initial syllable whose vowel is u, i, or sometimes even e, the form of the prefix changes to match the vowel of the next syllable: tu-, ti-, te-.
Inflection
pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | series I verb argument | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent | |||||||
first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u- | w-, wi- | |||||||
first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki- | |||||||
second person | amödö | ö-, öy-, o-, oy-, a-, ay- | m-, mi- | |||||||
first person dual exclusive | nña | y-, ch-, ∅-, i- | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | |||||
third person | tüwü | n-, ni- | ||||||||
distant past third person | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | ||||||||
coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | |||||||
reciprocal | — | — | öö- |
series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient | |
---|---|
first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
first person dual exclusive > second person | |
second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
second person > first person dual exclusive | |
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |
References
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “t-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon, page 127–128, 150–155, 174, 192–194, 198–199
Mohawk
Alternative forms
- te-
Prefix
t-
- cislocative, indicating motion towards the speaker
References
- Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 105
Old Irish
Prefix
t- (class A infixed pronoun, triggers lenition)
- you (singular object pronoun)
- do·goa (“s/he chooses”) + t- → dot·goa (“s/he chooses you”)
- ní·ben (“s/he does not strike”) + t- → nít·ben (“s/he does not strike you”)
Derived terms
See also
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
Person | Infixed | Suffixed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Class A | Class B | Class C | ||
1 sing. | m-L | dom-L, dam-L | -um | |
2 sing. | t-L | dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L | -ut | |
3 sing. m. | a-N, e-N | d-N | id-N, did-N, d-N | -i, -it |
3 sing. f. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
3 sing. n. | a-L, e-L | d-L | id-L, did-L, d-L | -i, -it |
1 pl. | n- | don-, dun-, dan- | -unn | |
2 pl. | b- | dob-, dub-, dab- | -uib | |
3 pl. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others. |
Scottish Gaelic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /t̪ʰ/ (before a, à, o, ò, u, ù and where it replaces /s̪/)
- IPA(key): /tʲʰ/ (before e, è, i, ì and where it replaces /ʃ/)
Prefix
t-
- Marker of t-prothesis
- an t-athair ― the father
- an t-Athair ― the Father
- Marker of lenition of s after the definite article
- an t-seachdain ― the week
- an t-Sìona ― China