swidden

swidden

English

Etymology

From English dialect, probably from Middle English *swiden, swithen, past participle of Middle English swithen (“to burn, scorch, singe”), from Old Norse svíða (“to singe, burn”). Compare also Old Norse sviðinn (“burned, singed”, past participle).

Alternatively, from Middle English *swithnen, *swithenen, from Old Norse sviðna (“to be burned”), related to the verb above.

More specifically, on how the Swedish scholar Karl Gustaf Izikowitz revived the old English term in modern scholarship, we may cite Guido Sprenger ("Out of the ashes: Swidden cultivation in highland Laos", in Anthropology Today 22.4, August 2006, page 9:

"It’s not that Karl Gustav Izikowitz (1903-1985) invented swidden. When the Swedish anthropologist did fieldwork in northern Laos, he focused mainly on economic issues. In his view, the Rmeet (which he spelled Lamet, according to lowland Lao pronunciation) had a particularly ancient type of agriculture, characterized by the burning of a plot in the forest each year and allowing fallow periods of 10-15 years for the soil to recover. After his return to Sweden in 1938, Izikowitz recalled a similar technique practised in his home country, called svedja, meaning ‘to burn a field’ (as verb) or ‘burnt field’ (as noun). With the help of Professor Eilert Ekwall, he located an old dialectal word in English for it: swidden (Izikowitz 1979 [1951]). Both the term and the research initiated by Izikowitz have come a long way since the middle of the last century. ‘Swidden’ has entered anthropological jargon, denoting not only a practice widespread in non-state societies, but also a problem. Izikowitz’ volume Lamet appeared in 1951 and became more than a classic study of swidden techniques and rituals […] "

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈswɪdən/
• Rhymes: -ɪdən

Noun

swidden (plural swiddens)

1. An area of land that has been cleared by cutting the vegetation and burning it; slash and burn.
   • 2007 Fall, F. L. (Rick) Bein, “Food Garden Capacity and Population Growth: A Case in Papua New Guinea.”, in Focus on Geography, volume 50, number 2, page 28-33:

     Kamiali Village is a community of swidden horticulturists and fishers lying 80 kilometers in a south-southeasterly direction along the coast from the City of Lae, Papua New Guinea.

   • 2009 Jul/Aug, Roger Atwood, “Maya Roots”, in Archaeology, volume 62, number 4:

     These facts reinforced the view that the Maya drew their basic sustenance from corn, most of it grown on slash-and-burn plots known as swiddens.

Translations

area cleared and burnt for cultivation

Breton: devadur m Catalan: artiga (ca) f Czech: žďár (cs) m Dutch: swidden Estonian: ale (et) Finnish: kaski (fi), kytö French: brûlis (fr) m Galician: cachada f, roza f German: Brandfeld n, Schwende f Italian: debbio (it) m Spanish: artiga (es) f Swedish: sved (sv) c

Verb

swidden (third-person singular simple present swiddens, present participle swiddening, simple past and past participle swiddened)

1. To clear an area of land by cutting and burning.
   • 2009 February 13, Drake Bennett, quoting James Scott, “The mystery of Zomia”, in The Boston Globe‎, Boston:

     The reason, Scott says, is that swiddening provides a freedom that fixed agriculture does not.

Derived terms

• swiddener

See also

• burn-beat, slash and burn

References

• Diamond, Jared (2004). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, page 163. →ISBN.
• Sprenger, Guido. "Out of the ashes: Swidden cultivation in highland Laos." Anthropology Today 22.4 (August 2006), 9-13.
• Izikowitz, K.G. (1979 [orig. 1951]). Lamet: Hill peasants in French Indochina. New York: AMS Press.