surgir
French
Etymology
Borrowed from Latin surgere, present active infinitive of surgō (“I get up, arise”). Doublet of sourdre.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /syʁ.ʒiʁ/
audio (file)
Verb
surgir
- (intransitive) to emerge or appear; to crop up
- (intransitive) to arise or stand up
Conjugation
This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.
Conjugation of surgir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | surgir | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | surgissant /syʁ.ʒi.sɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | surgi /syʁ.ʒi/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | surgis /syʁ.ʒi/ | surgis /syʁ.ʒi/ | surgit /syʁ.ʒi/ | surgissons /syʁ.ʒi.sɔ̃/ | surgissez /syʁ.ʒi.se/ | surgissent /syʁ.ʒis/ |
| imperfect | surgissais /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/ | surgissais /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/ | surgissait /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/ | surgissions /syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/ | surgissiez /syʁ.ʒi.sje/ | surgissaient /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | surgis /syʁ.ʒi/ | surgis /syʁ.ʒi/ | surgit /syʁ.ʒi/ | surgîmes /syʁ.ʒim/ | surgîtes /syʁ.ʒit/ | surgirent /syʁ.ʒiʁ/ | |
| future | surgirai /syʁ.ʒi.ʁe/ | surgiras /syʁ.ʒi.ʁa/ | surgira /syʁ.ʒi.ʁa/ | surgirons /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/ | surgirez /syʁ.ʒi.ʁe/ | surgiront /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | surgirais /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/ | surgirais /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/ | surgirait /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/ | surgirions /syʁ.ʒi.ʁjɔ̃/ | surgiriez /syʁ.ʒi.ʁje/ | surgiraient /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | surgisse /syʁ.ʒis/ | surgisses /syʁ.ʒis/ | surgisse /syʁ.ʒis/ | surgissions /syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/ | surgissiez /syʁ.ʒi.sje/ | surgissent /syʁ.ʒis/ |
| imperfect2 | surgisse /syʁ.ʒis/ | surgisses /syʁ.ʒis/ | surgît /syʁ.ʒi/ | surgissions /syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/ | surgissiez /syʁ.ʒi.sje/ | surgissent /syʁ.ʒis/ | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | surgis /syʁ.ʒi/ | — | surgissons /syʁ.ʒi.sɔ̃/ | surgissez /syʁ.ʒi.se/ | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “surgir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Portuguese
Etymology
From Latin surgere (“to get up, to arise”).
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /suʁˈʒi(ʁ)/ [suɦˈʒi(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /suɾˈʒi(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /suʁˈʒi(ʁ)/ [suʁˈʒi(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /suɻˈʒi(ɻ)/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /suɾˈʒiɾ/
Verb
surgir (first-person singular present surjo, first-person singular preterite surgi, past participle surgido)
- to arise, to emerge
- to appear
- Synonyms: aparecer, exsurgir
- inflection of surgir:
- first/third-person singular future subjunctive
- first/third-person singular personal infinitive
Conjugation
Conjugation of surgir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) | Second-person (tu) | Third-person (ele / ela / você) | First-person (nós) | Second-person (vós) | Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | surgir | |||||
| Personal | surgir | surgires | surgir | surgirmos | surgirdes | surgirem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| surgindo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | surgido | surgidos | ||||
| Feminine | surgida | surgidas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | surjo | surges | surge | surgimos | surgis | surgem |
| Imperfect | surgia | surgias | surgia | surgíamos | surgíeis | surgiam |
| Preterite | surgi | surgiste | surgiu | surgimos | surgistes | surgiram |
| Pluperfect | surgira | surgiras | surgira | surgíramos | surgíreis | surgiram |
| Future | surgirei | surgirás | surgirá | surgiremos | surgireis | surgirão |
| Conditional | ||||||
| surgiria | surgirias | surgiria | surgiríamos | surgiríeis | surgiriam | |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | surja | surjas | surja | surjamos | surjais | surjam |
| Imperfect | surgisse | surgisses | surgisse | surgíssemos | surgísseis | surgissem |
| Future | surgir | surgires | surgir | surgirmos | surgirdes | surgirem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | surge | surja | surjamos | surgi | surjam | |
| Negative (não) | não surjas | não surja | não surjamos | não surjais | não surjam | |
Spanish
Etymology
From Latin surgere, present active infinitive of surgō (“to get up, arise”). Cognate with English surge and source.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /suɾˈxiɾ/ [suɾˈxiɾ]
Audio (Colombia) (file) - Rhymes: -iɾ
- Syllabification: sur‧gir
Verb
surgir (first-person singular present surjo, first-person singular preterite surgí, past participle surgido)
- (intransitive) to arise, emerge, surface, crop up, spring up, pop up
- (intransitive) to appear
- Synonym: aparecer
- (intransitive) to grow out of, to come from, arise from (followed by de)
- to advance, ascent, rise (move up socially or professionally)
- Synonyms: trepar, escalar, subir
Conjugation
Conjugation of surgir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
| infinitive | surgir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | surgiendo | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | surgido | surgida | |||||
| plural | surgidos | surgidas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | surjo | surgestú surgísvos | surge | surgimos | surgís | surgen | |
| imperfect | surgía | surgías | surgía | surgíamos | surgíais | surgían | |
| preterite | surgí | surgiste | surgió | surgimos | surgisteis | surgieron | |
| future | surgiré | surgirás | surgirá | surgiremos | surgiréis | surgirán | |
| conditional | surgiría | surgirías | surgiría | surgiríamos | surgiríais | surgirían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | surja | surjastú surjásvos2 | surja | surjamos | surjáis | surjan | |
| imperfect (ra) | surgiera | surgieras | surgiera | surgiéramos | surgierais | surgieran | |
| imperfect (se) | surgiese | surgieses | surgiese | surgiésemos | surgieseis | surgiesen | |
| future1 | surgiere | surgieres | surgiere | surgiéremos | surgiereis | surgieren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos | usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ustedes | |
| affirmative | surgetú surgívos | surja | surjamos | surgid | surjan | ||
| negative | no surjas | no surja | no surjamos | no surjáis | no surjan | ||
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
Selected combined forms of surgir (g-j alternation)
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| with infinitive surgir | |||||||
| dative | surgirme | surgirte | surgirle, surgirse | surgirnos | surgiros | surgirles, surgirse | |
| accusative | surgirme | surgirte | surgirlo, surgirla, surgirse | surgirnos | surgiros | surgirlos, surgirlas, surgirse | |
| with gerund surgiendo | |||||||
| dative | surgiéndome | surgiéndote | surgiéndole, surgiéndose | surgiéndonos | surgiéndoos | surgiéndoles, surgiéndose | |
| accusative | surgiéndome | surgiéndote | surgiéndolo, surgiéndola, surgiéndose | surgiéndonos | surgiéndoos | surgiéndolos, surgiéndolas, surgiéndose | |
| with informal second-person singular tú imperative surge | |||||||
| dative | súrgeme | súrgete | súrgele | súrgenos | not used | súrgeles | |
| accusative | súrgeme | súrgete | súrgelo, súrgela | súrgenos | not used | súrgelos, súrgelas | |
| with informal second-person singular vos imperative surgí | |||||||
| dative | surgime | surgite | surgile | surginos | not used | surgiles | |
| accusative | surgime | surgite | surgilo, surgila | surginos | not used | surgilos, surgilas | |
| with formal second-person singular imperative surja | |||||||
| dative | súrjame | not used | súrjale, súrjase | súrjanos | not used | súrjales | |
| accusative | súrjame | not used | súrjalo, súrjala, súrjase | súrjanos | not used | súrjalos, súrjalas | |
| with first-person plural imperative surjamos | |||||||
| dative | not used | surjámoste | surjámosle | surjámonos | surjámoos | surjámosles | |
| accusative | not used | surjámoste | surjámoslo, surjámosla | surjámonos | surjámoos | surjámoslos, surjámoslas | |
| with informal second-person plural imperative surgid | |||||||
| dative | surgidme | not used | surgidle | surgidnos | surgíos | surgidles | |
| accusative | surgidme | not used | surgidlo, surgidla | surgidnos | surgíos | surgidlos, surgidlas | |
| with formal second-person plural imperative surjan | |||||||
| dative | súrjanme | not used | súrjanle | súrjannos | not used | súrjanles, súrjanse | |
| accusative | súrjanme | not used | súrjanlo, súrjanla | súrjannos | not used | súrjanlos, súrjanlas, súrjanse | |
Derived terms
- surgidero
- surgidor
- surgimiento
Related terms
- resurgir
- surgencia
- surto
Further reading
- “surgir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014