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单词 stress
释义

stress

See also: Stress, Streß, and -stress

English

Etymology

From a shortening of Middle English destresse, borrowed from Old French destrecier, from Latin distringō (“to stretch out”).[1] This form probably coalesced with Middle English stresse, from Old French estrece (“narrowness”), from Vulgar Latin *strictia, from Latin strictus (“narrow”).

In the sense of "mental strain" or “disruption”, used occasionally in the 1920s and 1930s by psychologists, including Walter Cannon (1934); in “biological threat”, used by endocrinologist Hans Selye, by metaphor with stress in physics (force on an object) in the 1930s, and popularized by same in the 1950s.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /stɹɛs/
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɛs

Noun

stress (countable and uncountable, plural stresses)

  1. (biology) A physical, chemical, infective agent aggressing an organism.
  2. (biology) Aggression toward an organism resulting in a response in an attempt to restore previous conditions.
  3. (countable, physics) The internal distribution of force across a small boundary per unit area of that boundary (pressure) within a body. It causes strain or deformation and is typically symbolised by σ or τ.
  4. (countable, physics) Force externally applied to a body which cause internal stress within the body.
  5. (uncountable) Emotional pressure suffered by a human being or other animal.
    Go easy on him, he's been under a lot of stress lately.
  6. (countable, phonetics, loosely) A suprasegmental feature of a language having additional attention raised to a sound, word or word group by means of of loudness, duration or pitch; phonological prominence.
    Synonym: accent
    Some people put the stress on the first syllable of “controversy”; others put it on the second.
  7. (countable, phonetics, strictly) The suprasegmental feature of a language having additional attention raised to a sound by means of of loudness and/or duration; phonological prominence phonetically achieved by means of dynamics as distinct from pitch.
    Synonym: stress accent
    Antonyms: pitch, pitch accent
    • 2020 July 9, Steve Rapaport, “Parallel syncretism in early Indo-European”, in Bridget Drinka, editor, Historical Linguistics 2017: Selected Papers from the 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics, San Antonio, Texas, 31 July – 4 August 2017, DOI:10.1075/cilt.350.03rap, page 59:
      The shift from pitch to stress appears to happen before the other obliques begin merging in the Proto-Italic, Proto-Germanic, Primitive Irish, and Middle Indo-Aryan. But further investigation into the timeline of sound changes […] shows that, at least in Germanic, the oblique and core noun stems sound quite unpredictably different in all these families by the time of the crucial accent shift from pitch to stress. […] once a language becomes stress-sensitive, there seems to be a strong tendency in early Indo-European languages to shift the stress to the first syllable. This change happens shortly after the change to stress accent in Proto-Germanic, Proto-Italic, and Proto-Celtic, and even Thessalian, with evidence from Dybo's Law and Verner's Law left behind to show that sound changes happened after the changes to stress accent.
  8. (uncountable) Emphasis placed on a particular point in an argument or discussion (whether spoken or written).
  9. Obsolete form of distress.
    • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, OCLC 960102938:
      With this sad Hersal of his heavy stress,
      The warlike Damzel was empassion's sore,
      And said; Sir Knight, your Cause is nothing less
      Than is your Sorrow , certes if not more
  10. (Scotland, law) distress; the act of distraining; also, the thing distrained.

Synonyms

  • (phonetics): accent, emphasis
  • (on words in speaking): emphasis
  • (on a point): emphasis

Derived terms

  • stress deafness
  • stress-free, stressfree
  • stressful
  • stresswise

Translations

on a phonological segment — see accent

Verb

stress (third-person singular simple present stresses, present participle stressing, simple past and past participle stressed)

  1. (transitive) To apply force to (a body or structure) causing strain.
  2. (transitive) To apply emotional pressure to (a person or animal).
  3. (intransitive, informal) To suffer stress; to worry or be agitated.
  4. (transitive) To emphasise (a syllable of a word).
    “Emphasis” is stressed on the first syllable, but “emphatic” is stressed on the second.
  5. (transitive) To emphasise (words in speaking).
  6. (transitive) To emphasise (a point) in an argument or discussion.
    I must stress that this information is given in strict confidence.

Synonyms

  • (phonetics): emphasise/emphasize
  • (on words in speaking): emphasise/emphasize
  • (on a point): emphasise/emphasize, underline

Derived terms

  • de-stress, destress
  • stressed
  • stress out

Translations

References

  1. Keil, R.M.K. (2004) Coping and stress: a conceptual analysis Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45(6), 659–665
  • strain
  • strait
  • strict
  • stringent
  • stringency

Danish

Etymology

Borrowed from English stress.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈsd̥ʁɛs], [ˈsd̥ʁas], [ˈsd̥ʁɑs]

Noun

stress c or n (singular definite stressen or stresset, not used in plural)

  1. stress

Derived terms

  • stresse (verb)
  • stresset (adjective)

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from English stress.

Pronunciation

  • Rhymes: -ɛs
  • Audio(file)

Noun

stress m (uncountable)

  1. stress

Derived terms

  • stressen (“to be stressed”)
  • stresskip
  • stresskonijn

French

Etymology

Borrowed from English stress.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /stʁɛs/
  • Audio (Switzerland)(file)

Noun

stress m (uncountable)

  1. stress (emotional pressure)

Derived terms

  • stresser

Further reading

  • “stress”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Icelandic

Etymology

Borrowed from English stress.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈstrɛsː]
  • Rhymes: -ɛsː

Noun

stress n (genitive singular stress, no plural)

  1. stress

Declension

declension of stress
n-ssingular
indefinitedefinite
nominativestressstressið
accusativestressstressið
dativestressistressinu
genitivestressstressins
  • stressa
  • stressaður

Indonesian

Noun

stress (first-person possessive stressku, second-person possessive stressmu, third-person possessive stressnya)

  1. Nonstandard spelling of stres.

Adjective

stress

  1. Nonstandard spelling of stres.

Italian

Etymology

Borrowed from English stress.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈstrɛs/
  • Rhymes: -ɛs
  • Hyphenation: strèss

Noun

stress m (invariable)

  1. stress

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Borrowed from English stress.

Verb

stress

  1. imperative of stresse

Portuguese

Noun

stress m (plural stresses)

  1. Alternative form of estresse
  2. Alternative form of stresse

Spanish

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English stress.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /esˈtɾes/ [esˈt̪ɾes]
  • Rhymes: -es

Noun

stress m (plural stresses)

  1. stress
    Synonym: estrés

Usage notes

According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

Swedish

Etymology

Borrowed from English stress.

Noun

stress c (uncountable)

  1. stress

Declension

Declension of stress 
Uncountable
IndefiniteDefinite
Nominativestressstressen——
Genitivestressstressens——
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