-st
English
Etymology 1
From Middle English -st; see -est.
Suffix
-st
- (archaic) Verb suffix for the second-person singular; Alternative form of -est
- c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene v]:
- Thou com'st to use thy tongue.
-
Etymology 2
From the written form of first; see further etymology there.
Suffix
-st
- Marks ordinals written in digits when the final term of the spelled number is "first"
- the 21st century
Coordinate terms
- -nd
- -rd
- -th
Translations
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Etymology 3
-s + -t of excrescent suffixes, with -s sometimes genitive.
Suffix
-st
- Excrescent suffix (adding sound but largely not changing the meaning).
- among + -st → amongst
- mid + -st → midst
- while + -st → whilst
Usage notes
When there is a shorter synonymous word (as in amongst/among), the form with -st is generally considered more formal, old-fashioned or affected in American English; whereas both are usually interchangeable in British English.
However, against is distinct in meaning from again, and midst is used in some contexts distinctly from mid.
Derived terms
- against
- alongst
- amongst
- beknownst
- midst
- unbeknownst
- whilst
- whomst
Anagrams
- T's, TS, Ts, t's, ts
Dutch
Etymology 1
The suffix -st consists of two parts: a suffix -t (Proto-Indo-European *-ti) and an inserted -s-. The -s- is the result of a wrong segmentation of stem and suffix of a noun in cases where the stem of the noun ended with -s-. For example: a word like Dutch vorst (“frost”) could be interpreted as vors+t or as vor+st. This suffix existed already in Gothic (𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts), from 𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (unnan)).[1]
Suffix
-st f (plural -sten)
- appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun; it is similar in function to the Dutch suffix -ing
Derived terms
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-st
- appended to an adjective this suffix forms the superlative
- vreemd (“strange”) → vreemdst (“strangest”)
References
- A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, →ISBN; § 167
Faroese
Etymology
Old Norse -sk, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun sik (whence Faroese seg).
Suffix
-st
- turns verbs into middle voice verbs
Derived terms
- minnast
German
Etymology 1
From Middle High German -est, from older -es through rebracketing in inverted forms like sizzes du → sizzestu → sizzest du (“do you sit”). Further from a merger of various Old High German conjugation suffixes, from Proto-Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /st/ (standard)
- IPA(key): /t/ (alternatively after -sch-)
- IPA(key): /s/ (central-western Germany, chiefly informal)
- IPA(key): /ʃ/ (south-western Germany and Switzerland, chiefly informal)
Suffix
-st
- Verb suffix for the second-person singular.
- lachen (“to laugh”) + -st → du lachst (“you laugh, thou laughest”)
- spielen (“to play”) + -st → du spielst (“you play, thou playest”)
Usage notes
- In the present tense, the suffix becomes -t after s, ß, x, z: du schießt. After sch the spelling -t is standard only in Austria and South Tyrol, but the according pronunciation is common in most regions: du wäschst or wäscht.
- The suffix becomes -est after d, t: du wartest. However, strong verbs with a vowel change have -st: du rätst. In obsolete usage the form -est was employed more freely also after other sounds.
- In the strong past tense, -est is used after sibilants: du schossest. However, when the preceding vowel is long the form -t is possible alternatively: du aßest or aßt. After d, t the forms -est and -st are used in free variation: du rittest or rittst.
Etymology 2
From Middle High German -est, from a merger of Old High German -ist and -ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz and *-ōstaz.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /st/
Suffix
-st
- Forms superlatives of adjectives and adverbs, sometimes triggering umlaut.
- klein (“small”) + -st → der kleinste (“the smallest”)
- lang (“long”) + -st → der längste (“the longest”)
- herzlich (“cordially”) + -st → am herzlichsten (“most cordially”)
- schleunig (“speedily”) + -st → schleunigst (“straight away”)
Usage notes
- Attributive superlatives are declined like other adjectives. Predicative and adverbial superlatives generally take the particle am before them and are accordingly declined in the neuter dative singular. Some adjectives/adverbs also have basic forms in -st, but these are generally lexicalised.
- The suffix becomes -est after sibilants s, sch, ß, x, z and after d, t when the adjective has final stress: der kürzeste, weiteste (though der kürzte, weitste may be heard colloquially). When the last vowel is /ə/ or unstressed /ɪ/ the short form is used: der geeignetste, sympathischste. After other unstressed vowels both ways are possible: der elendeste or elendste.
- The forms -st and -est are also both possible after stressed final vowels and after consonant clusters (except those involving -r-). Thus: der neueste or neuste, der schlankeste or schlankste. The formal language prefers the long forms while the vernacular prefer the short ones.
Derived terms
Hungarian
Etymology
From -s (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (locative suffix) in the Old Hungarian period. The adverbial sense of the locative suffix -t can be shown only in this -st morpheme.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ʃt]
Suffix
-st
- (adverb-forming suffix) Forms an adverb of manner.
Usage notes
It is no longer productive and can be found only in a few adverbs: bízvást, egyenest, fogvást, folyvást, folyton-folyvást, homlokegyenest, képest, mármost, mihelyst, most, nézvést, oldalvást, óvást, örömest, rögvest, szemlátomást, üstöllést, valamelyest, vegyest.[2]
- Harmonic variants:
- -est
- öröm (“joy”) → örömest (“with joy”)
- -est
Derived terms
References
- -st in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
- Papp, Ferenc (ed.). A magyar nyelv szóvégmutató szótára (’Reverse-Alphabetized Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994, p. 495.
Icelandic
Etymology
From Old Norse -sk, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun sik (whence Icelandic sig).
Suffix
-st
- turns verbs into middle voice verbs
Derived terms
- berast
- biðjast
- bjóðast
- bregðast
- brjótast
- drepast
- elskast
- eyðast
- fást
- finnast
- gerast
- gleðjast
- haldast
- heilsast
- kveðjast
- kyssast
- látast
- leiðast
- líðast
- minnast
- segjast
- setjast
- sjást
- týnast
- tærast
- venjast
- virðast
- ætlast
See also
- Appendix:Icelandic middle voice verbs
- Category:Icelandic middle voice verbs
Ingrian
Etymology 1
Uncertain:
- Possibly identical to the elative marker (see below), exhibiting an archaic function of the elative, found also in archaic or dialectal Finnish -sta.
- Alternatively, from Proto-Finnic *-stik, reanalysed as identical to the elative marker after vowel reduction. In this case akin to Finnish -sti and Estonian -sti.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-stɑ/, [-s̠tɑ], /-stæ/, [-s̠tæ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-st/, [-ʃt]
Suffix
-st
- Used to form adverbs of manner from adjectives; -ly
Usage notes
- In the Soikkola dialect, may trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.
Derived terms
- -staa
Etymology 2
From Proto-Finnic *-sta. Cognates include Finnish -sta and Estonian -st.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-stɑ/, [-s̠tɑ], /-stæ/, [-s̠tæ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-st/, [-ʃt]
Suffix
-st
- Used to form the elative case; out of
Usage notes
- In the Soikkola dialect, may trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.
Inflection
Possessive forms of -st | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | singular | plural |
1st person | -staan | -stamme |
2nd person | -staas | -stanne |
3rd person | -staa | -stasse |
Luxembourgish
Etymology
From Middle High German -est, from Old High German -ist, -ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz.
The expected form would be -scht as still in bescht (“best”) and meescht (“most”). The form -st is native in the northern third of Luxembourg and spread southwards, probably in part because the suffix is used in positions where /ʃ/ otherwise does not occur, and in part under the reinforcing influence of standard German.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /st/
Suffix
-st
- Forms the superlative of adjectives; -est
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch -ist, -ost, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz.
Suffix
-st
- Forms the superlative of adjectives; -est
Derived terms
See Category:Middle Dutch adjective superlative forms.
Related terms
- -er
Descendants
- Dutch: -st