spiritus
See also: Spiritus
English
Etymology
From Latin spīritus. Doublet of spirit, sprite, and esprit.
Noun
spiritus (plural spirituses or spiritus)
- A breathing.
- An aspirate.
- Any spirituous preparation.
Related terms
- spiritus asper
- spiritus lenis
- spiritus mundi
Czech
Etymology
From Latin spīritus, from or related to spīrō.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈspɪrɪtus]
Noun
spiritus m
- ethanol
Related terms
- aspirace
- aspirant
- aspirantura
- aspirovat
- expirace
- exspirace
- inspirace
- inspirátor
- inspirovat
- konspirace
- konspirátor
- perspirace
- respirace
- respirátor
- spiritismus
- spiritista
- spiritistický
- spiritualismus
- spiritualista
- spiritualistický
- spiritualita
- spirituál
- spirituální
- spirometr
- spirometrický
- spirometrie
- špiritus
- transpirace
Further reading
- spiritus in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
- spiritus in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
- spiritus in Akademický slovník cizích slov, 1995, at prirucka.ujc.cas.cz
Dutch
Etymology
From Latin spīritus (“breath; spirit”).
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Noun
spiritus m (plural spiritussen or spiritus, diminutive spiritusje n) (in sense 2)
- methylated spirit
- Synonym: brandspiritus
- (orthography) A kind of diacritic used on Ancient Greek vowels to indicate aspiration or lack thereof. See spiritus asper and spiritus lenis.
Descendants
- → Indonesian: spiritus (“methylated spirit”)
- → Papiamentu: spíritùs
Indonesian
Etymology
From Dutch spiritus, from Latin spīritus (“breath; spirit”). Doublet of spirit.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [spiˈrɪt̪ʊs]
- Hyphenation: spi‧ri‧tus
Noun
spiritus (plural spiritus-spiritus, first-person possessive spiritusku, second-person possessive spiritusmu, third-person possessive spiritusnya)
- methylated spirit.
Alternative forms
- seperitus, sepiritus
Related terms
- spirit
Further reading
- “spiritus” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Latin
Etymology
From spīrō (“I breathe; I blow, exhale, emit; I respire; I live; I am inspired; I show, express”) + -tus.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈspiː.ri.tus/, [ˈs̠piːrɪt̪ʊs̠]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈspi.ri.tus/, [ˈspiːrit̪us]
Noun
spīritus m (genitive spīritūs); fourth declension
- air, breath, breathing
- 1833, Classicorum auctorum e Vaticanicis codicibus editorum tomus V., Rome, page 595:
- Spīritūs sunt duo dasia et psile.
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- Synonyms: spīrātiō, anima
-
- light breeze
- spirit, ghost
- 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Genesis 1:2:
- Terra autem erat inānis et vacua, et tenebrae erant super faciem abyssī: et spīritus Deī ferēbātur super aquās.
- And the earth was void and empty, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God moved over the waters.
- Terra autem erat inānis et vacua, et tenebrae erant super faciem abyssī: et spīritus Deī ferēbātur super aquās.
- mind
- 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Proverbs 29:11:
- tōtum spīritum suum prōfert stultus sapiēns differt et reservat in posterum
- A fool uttereth all his mind: a wise man deferreth, and keepeth it till afterwards. (trans. Douay-Rheims Bible)
- tōtum spīritum suum prōfert stultus sapiēns differt et reservat in posterum
- energy; courage
- Synonyms: virtūs, fortitūdō, fīdūcia, animus
- pride, haughtiness, arrogance
- Synonyms: superbia, arrogantia
Declension
Fourth-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | spīritus | spīritūs |
| Genitive | spīritūs | spīrituum |
| Dative | spīrituī | spīritibus |
| Accusative | spīritum | spīritūs |
| Ablative | spīritū | spīritibus |
| Vocative | spīritus | spīritūs |
Derived terms
- spīrituālis
- spīritus asper
- spīritus lēnis
- spīritus mundī
- spīritus sānctus
Related terms
- spīrābilis
- spīrāculum
- spīrāmen
- spīrāmentum
- spīrātiō
- spīrātus
- spīritālitā
- spīritāliter
- spīrō
Descendants
- → Albanian: shpirt
- → Asturian: espíritu
- → Proto-Brythonic: *ɨspɨrɨd
- Breton: spered
- Cornish: spyrys
- Welsh: ysbryd
- → Dutch: spiritus
- → Old French: espirit
- → Middle English: spirit
- English: spirit
- Middle French: esperit
- French: esprit
- English: esprit
- French: esprit
- → Middle English: spirit
- → Friulian: spirt
- → German: Spiritus
- → Old Irish: spirut, spiurt
- Middle Irish: spirat
- Irish: spiorad
- Manx: spyrryd
- Scottish Gaelic: spiorad
- Middle Irish: spirat
- → Italian: spirito, spirto
- >? Ladin: spiert, spirt (might be inherited)
- → Old Occitan: esperit
- Catalan: esperit
- Occitan: esperit
- → Old Portuguese: espirito
- Galician: espírito
- Portuguese: espírito
- → Romanian: spirit, spiriduș
- >? Romansch: spiert, spért (might be inherited)
- → Sardinian: ispìritu
- → Sicilian: spìritu, spirdu
- → Old Spanish: espirtu, espirto
- Spanish: espíritu
- → Basque: espiritu
- → Cebuano: espiritu
- Ladino: איספיריטו (espirito), איספריטו (esprito)
- Spanish: espíritu
- → Venetian: spirito
- → Walloon: spert
References
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “spīritus”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 12: Sk–š, page 195
- Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911), “spiritus”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German)
Further reading
- “spiritus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “spiritus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- spiritus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- spiritus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette, page 1468
- spiritus in Georges, Karl Ernst; Georges, Heinrich (1913–1918) Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, volume 2, 8th edition, Hahnsche Buchhandlung, column 2764
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- to breathe, live: animam, spiritum ducere
- to breathe the air: aera spiritu ducere
- to suffocate a person: spiritum intercludere alicui
- to give up the ghost: extremum vitae spiritum edere
- inspired: divino quodam spiritu inflatus or tactus
- to be haughty: magnos spiritus sibi sumere (B. G. 1. 33)
- to lower a person's pride: spiritus alicuius reprimere
- patrician arrogance; pride of caste: spiritus patricii (Liv. 4. 42)
- to assume a despotic tone: regios spiritus sibi sumere
- to destroy a despotism, tyranny: regios spiritus reprimere (Nep. Dion. 5. 5)
- to breathe, live: animam, spiritum ducere