shaqa
Zulu
Etymology
Ideophone.
Pronunciation 1
IPA(key): /ˈʃaǃa/
Ideophone
shaqa
- of amazement, astonishment
- of clearing in one sweep
- of contracting, shrinking together
- of being stringent, acrid, sour
Pronunciation 2
IPA(key): /ʃaːǃa/
Verb
-shaqa
- to amaze, astonish, shock
- to clear in one sweep
- to contract, shrink together
- to be acrid, sour, pungent
Inflection
Tone L | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukushaqa | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukushaqa | ukungashaqi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | shaqa | -shaqe | |||||||
Plural | shaqani | -shaqeni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyashaqa, ngishaqa | engishaqayo, engishaqa | ngishaqa | angishaqi | engingashaqi | ngingashaqi | |||
2nd singular | uyashaqa, ushaqa | oshaqayo, oshaqa | ushaqa | awushaqi | ongashaqi | ungashaqi | |||
1st plural | siyashaqa, sishaqa | esishaqayo, esishaqa | sishaqa | asishaqi | esingashaqi | singashaqi | |||
2nd plural | niyashaqa, nishaqa | enishaqayo, enishaqa | nishaqa | anishaqi | eningashaqi | ningashaqi | |||
Class 1 | uyashaqa, ushaqa | oshaqayo, oshaqa | eshaqa | akashaqi | ongashaqi | engashaqi | |||
Class 2 | bayashaqa, bashaqa | abashaqayo, abashaqa | beshaqa | abashaqi | abangashaqi | bengashaqi | |||
Class 3 | uyashaqa, ushaqa | oshaqayo, oshaqa | ushaqa | awushaqi | ongashaqi | ungashaqi | |||
Class 4 | iyashaqa, ishaqa | eshaqayo, eshaqa | ishaqa | ayishaqi | engashaqi | ingashaqi | |||
Class 5 | liyashaqa, lishaqa | elishaqayo, elishaqa | lishaqa | alishaqi | elingashaqi | lingashaqi | |||
Class 6 | ayashaqa, ashaqa | ashaqayo, ashaqa | eshaqa | awashaqi | angashaqi | engashaqi | |||
Class 7 | siyashaqa, sishaqa | esishaqayo, esishaqa | sishaqa | asishaqi | esingashaqi | singashaqi | |||
Class 8 | ziyashaqa, zishaqa | ezishaqayo, ezishaqa | zishaqa | azishaqi | ezingashaqi | zingashaqi | |||
Class 9 | iyashaqa, ishaqa | eshaqayo, eshaqa | ishaqa | ayishaqi | engashaqi | ingashaqi | |||
Class 10 | ziyashaqa, zishaqa | ezishaqayo, ezishaqa | zishaqa | azishaqi | ezingashaqi | zingashaqi | |||
Class 11 | luyashaqa, lushaqa | olushaqayo, olushaqa | lushaqa | alushaqi | olungashaqi | lungashaqi | |||
Class 14 | buyashaqa, bushaqa | obushaqayo, obushaqa | bushaqa | abushaqi | obungashaqi | bungashaqi | |||
Class 15 | kuyashaqa, kushaqa | okushaqayo, okushaqa | kushaqa | akushaqi | okungashaqi | kungashaqi | |||
Class 17 | kuyashaqa, kushaqa | okushaqayo, okushaqa | kushaqa | akushaqi | okungashaqi | kungashaqi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngishaqile, ngishaqē | engishaqile, engishaqē | ngishaqile, ngishaqē | angishaqanga | engingashaqanga | ngingashaqanga | |||
2nd singular | ushaqile, ushaqē | oshaqile, oshaqē | ushaqile, ushaqē | awushaqanga | ongashaqanga | ungashaqanga | |||
1st plural | sishaqile, sishaqē | esishaqile, esishaqē | sishaqile, sishaqē | asishaqanga | esingashaqanga | singashaqanga | |||
2nd plural | nishaqile, nishaqē | enishaqile, enishaqē | nishaqile, nishaqē | anishaqanga | eningashaqanga | ningashaqanga | |||
Class 1 | ushaqile, ushaqē | oshaqile, oshaqē | eshaqile, eshaqē | akashaqanga | ongashaqanga | engashaqanga | |||
Class 2 | bashaqile, bashaqē | abashaqile, abashaqē | beshaqile, beshaqē | abashaqanga | abangashaqanga | bengashaqanga | |||
Class 3 | ushaqile, ushaqē | oshaqile, oshaqē | ushaqile, ushaqē | awushaqanga | ongashaqanga | ungashaqanga | |||
Class 4 | ishaqile, ishaqē | eshaqile, eshaqē | ishaqile, ishaqē | ayishaqanga | engashaqanga | ingashaqanga | |||
Class 5 | lishaqile, lishaqē | elishaqile, elishaqē | lishaqile, lishaqē | alishaqanga | elingashaqanga | lingashaqanga | |||
Class 6 | ashaqile, ashaqē | ashaqile, ashaqē | eshaqile, eshaqē | awashaqanga | angashaqanga | engashaqanga | |||
Class 7 | sishaqile, sishaqē | esishaqile, esishaqē | sishaqile, sishaqē | asishaqanga | esingashaqanga | singashaqanga | |||
Class 8 | zishaqile, zishaqē | ezishaqile, ezishaqē | zishaqile, zishaqē | azishaqanga | ezingashaqanga | zingashaqanga | |||
Class 9 | ishaqile, ishaqē | eshaqile, eshaqē | ishaqile, ishaqē | ayishaqanga | engashaqanga | ingashaqanga | |||
Class 10 | zishaqile, zishaqē | ezishaqile, ezishaqē | zishaqile, zishaqē | azishaqanga | ezingashaqanga | zingashaqanga | |||
Class 11 | lushaqile, lushaqē | olushaqile, olushaqē | lushaqile, lushaqē | alushaqanga | olungashaqanga | lungashaqanga | |||
Class 14 | bushaqile, bushaqē | obushaqile, obushaqē | bushaqile, bushaqē | abushaqanga | obungashaqanga | bungashaqanga | |||
Class 15 | kushaqile, kushaqē | okushaqile, okushaqē | kushaqile, kushaqē | akushaqanga | okungashaqanga | kungashaqanga | |||
Class 17 | kushaqile, kushaqē | okushaqile, okushaqē | kushaqile, kushaqē | akushaqanga | okungashaqanga | kungashaqanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāshaqa | engāshaqa | ngāshaqa | angishaqanga | engingashaqanga | ngingashaqanga | |||
2nd singular | wāshaqa | owāshaqa | wāshaqa | awushaqanga | ongashaqanga | ungashaqanga | |||
1st plural | sāshaqa | esāshaqa | sāshaqa | asishaqanga | esingashaqanga | singashaqanga | |||
2nd plural | nāshaqa | enāshaqa | nāshaqa | anishaqanga | eningashaqanga | ningashaqanga | |||
Class 1 | wāshaqa | owāshaqa | āshaqa | akashaqanga | ongashaqanga | engashaqanga | |||
Class 2 | bāshaqa | abāshaqa | bāshaqa | abashaqanga | abangashaqanga | bengashaqanga | |||
Class 3 | wāshaqa | owāshaqa | wāshaqa | awushaqanga | ongashaqanga | ungashaqanga | |||
Class 4 | yāshaqa | eyāshaqa | yāshaqa | ayishaqanga | engashaqanga | ingashaqanga | |||
Class 5 | lāshaqa | elāshaqa | lāshaqa | alishaqanga | elingashaqanga | lingashaqanga | |||
Class 6 | āshaqa | āshaqa | āshaqa | awashaqanga | angashaqanga | engashaqanga | |||
Class 7 | sāshaqa | esāshaqa | sāshaqa | asishaqanga | esingashaqanga | singashaqanga | |||
Class 8 | zāshaqa | ezāshaqa | zāshaqa | azishaqanga | ezingashaqanga | zingashaqanga | |||
Class 9 | yāshaqa | eyāshaqa | yāshaqa | ayishaqanga | engashaqanga | ingashaqanga | |||
Class 10 | zāshaqa | ezāshaqa | zāshaqa | azishaqanga | ezingashaqanga | zingashaqanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāshaqa | olwāshaqa | lwāshaqa | alushaqanga | olungashaqanga | lungashaqanga | |||
Class 14 | bāshaqa | obāshaqa | bāshaqa | abushaqanga | obungashaqanga | bungashaqanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāshaqa | okwāshaqa | kwāshaqa | akushaqanga | okungashaqanga | kungashaqanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāshaqa | okwāshaqa | kwāshaqa | akushaqanga | okungashaqanga | kungashaqanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingashaqa | — | ngingashaqa | ngingeshaqe | — | ngingeshaqe | |||
2nd singular | ungashaqa | — | ungashaqa | ungeshaqe | — | ungeshaqe | |||
1st plural | singashaqa | — | singashaqa | singeshaqe | — | singeshaqe | |||
2nd plural | ningashaqa | — | ningashaqa | ningeshaqe | — | ningeshaqe | |||
Class 1 | angashaqa | — | engashaqa | angeshaqe | — | engeshaqe | |||
Class 2 | bangashaqa | — | bengashaqa | bangeshaqe | — | bengeshaqe | |||
Class 3 | ungashaqa | — | ungashaqa | ungeshaqe | — | ungeshaqe | |||
Class 4 | ingashaqa | — | ingashaqa | ingeshaqe | — | ingeshaqe | |||
Class 5 | lingashaqa | — | lingashaqa | lingeshaqe | — | lingeshaqe | |||
Class 6 | angashaqa | — | engashaqa | angeshaqe | — | engeshaqe | |||
Class 7 | singashaqa | — | singashaqa | singeshaqe | — | singeshaqe | |||
Class 8 | zingashaqa | — | zingashaqa | zingeshaqe | — | zingeshaqe | |||
Class 9 | ingashaqa | — | ingashaqa | ingeshaqe | — | ingeshaqe | |||
Class 10 | zingashaqa | — | zingashaqa | zingeshaqe | — | zingeshaqe | |||
Class 11 | lungashaqa | — | lungashaqa | lungeshaqe | — | lungeshaqe | |||
Class 14 | bungashaqa | — | bungashaqa | bungeshaqe | — | bungeshaqe | |||
Class 15 | kungashaqa | — | kungashaqa | kungeshaqe | — | kungeshaqe | |||
Class 17 | kungashaqa | — | kungashaqa | kungeshaqe | — | kungeshaqe | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizoshaqa | engizoshaqa | ngizoshaqa | angizushaqa | engingezushaqa | ngingezushaqa | |||
2nd singular | uzoshaqa | ozoshaqa | uzoshaqa | awuzushaqa | ongezushaqa | ungezushaqa | |||
1st plural | sizoshaqa | esizoshaqa | sizoshaqa | asizushaqa | esingezushaqa | singezushaqa | |||
2nd plural | nizoshaqa | enizoshaqa | nizoshaqa | anizushaqa | eningezushaqa | ningezushaqa | |||
Class 1 | uzoshaqa | ozoshaqa | ezoshaqa | akazushaqa | ongezushaqa | engezushaqa | |||
Class 2 | bazoshaqa | abazoshaqa | bezoshaqa | abazushaqa | abangezushaqa | bengezushaqa | |||
Class 3 | uzoshaqa | ozoshaqa | uzoshaqa | awuzushaqa | ongezushaqa | ungezushaqa | |||
Class 4 | izoshaqa | ezoshaqa | izoshaqa | ayizushaqa | engezushaqa | ingezushaqa | |||
Class 5 | lizoshaqa | elizoshaqa | lizoshaqa | alizushaqa | elingezushaqa | lingezushaqa | |||
Class 6 | azoshaqa | azoshaqa | ezoshaqa | awazushaqa | angezushaqa | engezushaqa | |||
Class 7 | sizoshaqa | esizoshaqa | sizoshaqa | asizushaqa | esingezushaqa | singezushaqa | |||
Class 8 | zizoshaqa | ezizoshaqa | zizoshaqa | azizushaqa | ezingezushaqa | zingezushaqa | |||
Class 9 | izoshaqa | ezoshaqa | izoshaqa | ayizushaqa | engezushaqa | ingezushaqa | |||
Class 10 | zizoshaqa | ezizoshaqa | zizoshaqa | azizushaqa | ezingezushaqa | zingezushaqa | |||
Class 11 | luzoshaqa | oluzoshaqa | luzoshaqa | aluzushaqa | olungezushaqa | lungezushaqa | |||
Class 14 | buzoshaqa | obuzoshaqa | buzoshaqa | abuzushaqa | obungezushaqa | bungezushaqa | |||
Class 15 | kuzoshaqa | okuzoshaqa | kuzoshaqa | akuzushaqa | okungezushaqa | kungezushaqa | |||
Class 17 | kuzoshaqa | okuzoshaqa | kuzoshaqa | akuzushaqa | okungezushaqa | kungezushaqa | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyoshaqa | engiyoshaqa | ngiyoshaqa | angiyushaqa | engingeyushaqa | ngingeyushaqa | |||
2nd singular | uyoshaqa | oyoshaqa | uyoshaqa | awuyushaqa | ongeyushaqa | ungeyushaqa | |||
1st plural | siyoshaqa | esiyoshaqa | siyoshaqa | asiyushaqa | esingeyushaqa | singeyushaqa | |||
2nd plural | niyoshaqa | eniyoshaqa | niyoshaqa | aniyushaqa | eningeyushaqa | ningeyushaqa | |||
Class 1 | uyoshaqa | oyoshaqa | eyoshaqa | akayushaqa | ongeyushaqa | engeyushaqa | |||
Class 2 | bayoshaqa | abayoshaqa | beyoshaqa | abayushaqa | abangeyushaqa | bengeyushaqa | |||
Class 3 | uyoshaqa | oyoshaqa | uyoshaqa | awuyushaqa | ongeyushaqa | ungeyushaqa | |||
Class 4 | iyoshaqa | eyoshaqa | iyoshaqa | ayiyushaqa | engeyushaqa | ingeyushaqa | |||
Class 5 | liyoshaqa | eliyoshaqa | liyoshaqa | aliyushaqa | elingeyushaqa | lingeyushaqa | |||
Class 6 | ayoshaqa | ayoshaqa | eyoshaqa | awayushaqa | angeyushaqa | engeyushaqa | |||
Class 7 | siyoshaqa | esiyoshaqa | siyoshaqa | asiyushaqa | esingeyushaqa | singeyushaqa | |||
Class 8 | ziyoshaqa | eziyoshaqa | ziyoshaqa | aziyushaqa | ezingeyushaqa | zingeyushaqa | |||
Class 9 | iyoshaqa | eyoshaqa | iyoshaqa | ayiyushaqa | engeyushaqa | ingeyushaqa | |||
Class 10 | ziyoshaqa | eziyoshaqa | ziyoshaqa | aziyushaqa | ezingeyushaqa | zingeyushaqa | |||
Class 11 | luyoshaqa | oluyoshaqa | luyoshaqa | aluyushaqa | olungeyushaqa | lungeyushaqa | |||
Class 14 | buyoshaqa | obuyoshaqa | buyoshaqa | abuyushaqa | obungeyushaqa | bungeyushaqa | |||
Class 15 | kuyoshaqa | okuyoshaqa | kuyoshaqa | akuyushaqa | okungeyushaqa | kungeyushaqa | |||
Class 17 | kuyoshaqa | okuyoshaqa | kuyoshaqa | akuyushaqa | okungeyushaqa | kungeyushaqa | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngishaqe | ngingashaqi | |||||||
2nd singular | ushaqe | ungashaqi | |||||||
1st plural | sishaqe | singashaqi | |||||||
2nd plural | nishaqe | ningashaqi | |||||||
Class 1 | ashaqe | angashaqi | |||||||
Class 2 | bashaqe | bangashaqi | |||||||
Class 3 | ushaqe | ungashaqi | |||||||
Class 4 | ishaqe | ingashaqi | |||||||
Class 5 | lishaqe | lingashaqi | |||||||
Class 6 | ashaqe | angashaqi | |||||||
Class 7 | sishaqe | singashaqi | |||||||
Class 8 | zishaqe | zingashaqi | |||||||
Class 9 | ishaqe | ingashaqi | |||||||
Class 10 | zishaqe | zingashaqi | |||||||
Class 11 | lushaqe | lungashaqi | |||||||
Class 14 | bushaqe | bungashaqi | |||||||
Class 15 | kushaqe | kungashaqi | |||||||
Class 17 | kushaqe | kungashaqi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngashaqa | ngangashaqa, angashaqa, angangashaqa | |||||||
2nd singular | washaqa | wangashaqa, awashaqa, awangashaqa | |||||||
1st plural | sashaqa | sangashaqa, asashaqa, asangashaqa | |||||||
2nd plural | nashaqa | nangashaqa, anashaqa, anangashaqa | |||||||
Class 1 | washaqa | wangashaqa, akashaqa, akangashaqa | |||||||
Class 2 | bashaqa | bangashaqa, abashaqa, abangashaqa | |||||||
Class 3 | washaqa | wangashaqa, awashaqa, awangashaqa | |||||||
Class 4 | yashaqa | yangashaqa, ayashaqa, ayangashaqa | |||||||
Class 5 | lashaqa | langashaqa, alashaqa, alangashaqa | |||||||
Class 6 | ashaqa | angashaqa, awashaqa, awangashaqa | |||||||
Class 7 | sashaqa | sangashaqa, asashaqa, asangashaqa | |||||||
Class 8 | zashaqa | zangashaqa, azashaqa, azangashaqa | |||||||
Class 9 | yashaqa | yangashaqa, ayashaqa, ayangashaqa | |||||||
Class 10 | zashaqa | zangashaqa, azashaqa, azangashaqa | |||||||
Class 11 | lwashaqa | lwangashaqa, alwashaqa, alwangashaqa | |||||||
Class 14 | bashaqa | bangashaqa, abashaqa, abangashaqa | |||||||
Class 15 | kwashaqa | kwangashaqa, akwashaqa, akwangashaqa | |||||||
Class 17 | kwashaqa | kwangashaqa, akwashaqa, akwangashaqa |
Derived terms
- -shaqeka
References
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “sháqa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sháqa (8.8-9)”
- C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “shaqa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “shaqa (6.3)”