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单词 abrupt
释义

abrupt

English

Etymology

First attested in 1583. Borrowed from Latin abruptus (“broken off”), perfect passive participle of abrumpō (“break off”), formed from ab (“from, away from”) + rumpō (“to break”).[1][2]

Pronunciation

  • (US) IPA(key): /əˈbɹʌpt/, /æbˈɹʌpt/
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -ʌpt

Adjective

abrupt (comparative more abrupt or abrupter, superlative most abrupt or abruptest)

  1. (obsolete, rare) Broken away (from restraint). [Attested only in the late 16th century.][1]
  2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the event; sudden; hasty; unceremonious. [First attested in the late 16th century.][1]
    The party came to an abrupt end when the parents of our host arrived.
    • 1592, William Shakespeare, Henry VI Part I, II-iii:
      The cause of your abrupt departure.
    • 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], OCLC 21345056, page 76:
      There was something in this abrupt allusion to the treasured and hidden past, that at once shocked and silenced Norbourne. He was annoyed to find that his heart's sweetest secret was in the possession of one so little likely to keep it;...
    • 2020 January 28, Kiran Millwood Hargrave, The Mercies‎, →ISBN, page 130:
      'Is it a slickstone?' she asks, and Maren snorts, an abrupt sound, bringing her hand up to her mouth.
  3. Curt in manner. [First attested in the late 16th century.][1]
    Synonyms: brusque, rude, uncivil, impolite
    • 1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock, volume II, London: Chapman & Hall, […], OCLC 633494058, chapter 12, page 301:
      With no great disparity between them in point of years, they were, in every other respect, as unlike and far removed from each other as two men could well be. The one was soft-spoken, delicately made, precise, and elegant; the other, a burly square-built man, negligently dressed, rough and abrupt in manner, stern, and, in his present mood, forbidding both in look and speech.
  4. Having sudden transitions from one subject or state to another; unconnected; disjointed. [First attested in the late 16th century.][1]
    • 1641, Ben Jonson, Discoveries Made upon Men and Matter
      The abrupt style, which hath many breaches.
  5. (obsolete) Broken off. [Attested from the early 17th century until the mid 18th century.][1]
  6. Extremely steep or craggy as if broken up; precipitous. [First attested in the early 17th century.][1]
    • 1727, James Thomson, “Summer”, in The Seasons, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, and sold by Thomas Cadell, […], published 1768, OCLC 642619686:
      The mazy-running brook
      Forms a deep pool; this bank abrupt and high.
    • 1961 October, ""Voyageur"", “The Cockermouth, Keswick & Penrith Railway”, in Trains Illustrated, page 601:
      To the north the towering scree-strewn slopes of Saddleback begin to draw nearer as we start the abrupt descent towards Keswick.
  7. (botany) Suddenly terminating, as if cut off; truncate. [First attested in the early 19th century.][1]
    • 1839, William Baxter, British Phænogamous Botany‎, OCLC 3571903:
      Root oblong, blackish, nearly the thickness of the little finger, often growing obliquely; abrupt at the lower end, so as to appear as if bitten off, furnished with long whitish fibres.

Synonyms

  • (precipitous): broken, rough, rugged
  • (without time to prepare): sudden; see also Thesaurus:sudden
  • (uncivil): blunt, brusque
  • (without transition): disconnected, unexpected

Derived terms

  • abrupt appearance
  • abrupt appearance theory
  • theory of abrupt appearance

Translations

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Verb

abrupt (third-person singular simple present abrupts, present participle abrupting, simple past and past participle abrupted)

  1. (transitive, archaic) To tear off or asunder. [First attested in the mid 17th century.][1]
    • 1642, Tho[mas] Browne, “(please specify the page)”, in Religio Medici. […], 4th edition, London: […] E. Cotes for Andrew Crook […], published 1656, OCLC 927499620:
      Till death abrupts them.
  2. To interrupt suddenly. [First attested in the mid 17th century.][1]

Translations

Noun

abrupt (plural abrupts)

  1. (poetic) Something which is abrupt; an abyss. [First attested in the mid 17th century.][1]
    • 1667, John Milton, “Book II”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], OCLC 228722708; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, OCLC 230729554:
      Over the vast abrupt.

Translations

References

  1. Lesley Brown, editor-in-chief; William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, editors (2002), “abrupt”, in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 5th edition, Oxford; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 8.
  2. Philip Babcock Gove (editor), Webster's Third International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (G. & C. Merriam Co., 1976 [1909], →ISBN), page 6

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin abruptus.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /a.bʁypt/
  • Audio(file)

Adjective

abrupt (feminine abrupte, masculine plural abrupts, feminine plural abruptes)

  1. Extremely steep, near vertical
  2. curt and abrupt
  3. Done or said forwardly and without caution to avoid shocking

Derived terms

  • abruptement

Further reading

  • “abrupt”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

German

Etymology

18th century, from Latin abruptus.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /apˈʁʊpt/, /aˈbʁʊpt/
  • Audio(file)
  • Audio(file)

Adjective

abrupt (strong nominative masculine singular abrupter, comparative abrupter, superlative am abruptesten)

  1. abrupt
    1. sudden, unforeseen
      Synonyms: jäh, plötzlich, schlagartig
    2. unconnected, having sudden transitions, (of movements) jerking

Declension

Positive forms of abrupt
number & gendersingularplural
masculinefeminineneuterall genders
predicativeer ist abruptsie ist abruptes ist abruptsie sind abrupt
strong declension
(without article)		nominativeabrupterabrupteabruptesabrupte
genitiveabruptenabrupterabruptenabrupter
dativeabruptemabrupterabruptemabrupten
accusativeabruptenabrupteabruptesabrupte
weak declension
(with definite article)		nominativeder abruptedie abruptedas abruptedie abrupten
genitivedes abruptender abruptendes abruptender abrupten
dativedem abruptender abruptendem abruptenden abrupten
accusativeden abruptendie abruptedas abruptedie abrupten
mixed declension
(with indefinite article)		nominativeein abruptereine abrupteein abruptes(keine) abrupten
genitiveeines abrupteneiner abrupteneines abrupten(keiner) abrupten
dativeeinem abrupteneiner abrupteneinem abrupten(keinen) abrupten
accusativeeinen abrupteneine abrupteein abruptes(keine) abrupten
Comparative forms of abrupt
number & gendersingularplural
masculinefeminineneuterall genders
predicativeer ist abruptersie ist abrupteres ist abruptersie sind abrupter
strong declension
(without article)		nominativeabruptererabruptereabrupteresabruptere
genitiveabrupterenabruptererabrupterenabrupterer
dativeabrupteremabruptererabrupteremabrupteren
accusativeabrupterenabruptereabrupteresabruptere
weak declension
(with definite article)		nominativeder abrupteredie abrupteredas abrupteredie abrupteren
genitivedes abrupterender abrupterendes abrupterender abrupteren
dativedem abrupterender abrupterendem abrupterenden abrupteren
accusativeden abrupterendie abrupteredas abrupteredie abrupteren
mixed declension
(with indefinite article)		nominativeein abrupterereine abruptereein abrupteres(keine) abrupteren
genitiveeines abruptereneiner abruptereneines abrupteren(keiner) abrupteren
dativeeinem abruptereneiner abruptereneinem abrupteren(keinen) abrupteren
accusativeeinen abruptereneine abruptereein abrupteres(keine) abrupteren
Superlative forms of abrupt
number & gendersingularplural
masculinefeminineneuterall genders
predicativeer ist am abruptestensie ist am abruptestenes ist am abruptestensie sind am abruptesten
strong declension
(without article)		nominativeabruptesterabruptesteabruptestesabrupteste
genitiveabruptestenabruptesterabruptestenabruptester
dativeabruptestemabruptesterabruptestemabruptesten
accusativeabruptestenabruptesteabruptestesabrupteste
weak declension
(with definite article)		nominativeder abruptestedie abruptestedas abruptestedie abruptesten
genitivedes abruptestender abruptestendes abruptestender abruptesten
dativedem abruptestender abruptestendem abruptestenden abruptesten
accusativeden abruptestendie abruptestedas abruptestedie abruptesten
mixed declension
(with indefinite article)		nominativeein abruptestereine abruptesteein abruptestes(keine) abruptesten
genitiveeines abruptesteneiner abruptesteneines abruptesten(keiner) abruptesten
dativeeinem abruptesteneiner abruptesteneinem abruptesten(keinen) abruptesten
accusativeeinen abruptesteneine abruptesteein abruptestes(keine) abruptesten

Further reading

  • “abrupt” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
  • “abrupt” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Latin abruptus (“broken off, torn; abrupt”), perfect passive participle of abrumpō (“break off”), from both ab- (“from, away from, off”), from ab (“from, away from, on, in”), from Proto-Italic *ab, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”) + and from rumpō (“I break, burst”), from Proto-Italic *rumpō (“break, burst, tear”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hrunépti ~ *Hrumpénti (“to be breaking”), from *Hrewp- (“to break, tear (up)”) (with the infix *-né-), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out, open, acquire”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /aˈbrʉpt/
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -ʉpt
  • Hyphenation: ab‧rupt

Adjective

abrupt (neuter singular abrupt, definite singular and plural abrupte, comparative mer abrupt, superlative mest abrupt)

  1. abrupt (having sudden transitions from one subject or state to another; unconnected; disjointed)
    • 1976, Karsten Alnæs, Felttoget, page 14:
      han lignet en vadefugl, ikke bare i skikkelsen, men også gjennom den abrupte rykkende gangen
      he resembled a wader, not only in the figure, but also through the abrupt jerking passage
    • 1993, Tor Ulven, Avløsning, page 47:
      i et abrupt glimt husker du … at du en gang sto slik
      in an abrupt glimpse you remember… that you once stood like that
    • 2000, Pernille Rygg, Det gyldne snitt:
      ikke gråt, bare et siste, abrupt avklippet ynk
      not crying, just one last, abruptly clipped pity
    • 2013, Erik Bjerck Hagen, Livets overskudd, page 107:
      Riis’ abrupte og prekære tilbaketog
      Riis' abrupt and precarious retreat
    abrupte setninger ― abrupt sentences
    abrupt tale ― abrupt speech
    Synonyms: plutselig, brå

Derived terms

  • abrupthet (“abruptness”)

References

  • “abrupt” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
  • “abrupt” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
  • “abrupt” in Store norske leksikon

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French abrupt, Latin abruptus.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /aˈbrupt/

Adjective

abrupt m or n (feminine singular abruptă, masculine plural abrupți, feminine and neuter plural abrupte)

  1. abrupt
  2. extremely steep, near vertical

Declension
Declension of abrupt
singular plural
masculine neuter feminine masculine neuter feminine
nominative/
accusative 		indefinite abrupt abruptă abrupți abrupte
definite abruptul abrupta abrupții abruptele
genitive/
dative 		indefinite abrupt abrupte abrupți abrupte
definite abruptului abruptei abrupților abruptelor

References

  • abrupt in DEX online - Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

Swedish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /aˈbrɵpːt/
  • Audio(file)

Adjective

abrupt

  1. abrupt, sudden

Declension

Inflection of abrupt
IndefinitePositiveComparativeSuperlative2
Common singularabrupt——
Neuter singularabrupt——
Pluralabrupta——
Masculine plural3abrupte——
DefinitePositiveComparativeSuperlative
Masculine singular1abrupte——
Allabrupta——
1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.
2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
3) Dated or archaic

Adverb

abrupt

  1. suddenly

Synonyms

  • plötsligt
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