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单词 scale
释义

scale

English

WOTD – 14 January 2016
A musical scale

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /skeɪl/, [skeɪ̯(ə)ɫ]
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Audio (AU)(file)
  • Hyphenation: scale
  • Rhymes: -eɪl

Etymology 1

From Middle English scale, from Latin scāla, usually in plural scālae (“a flight of steps, stairs, staircase, ladder”), for *skand-slā, from scandō (“I climb”); see scan, ascend, descend, etc. Doublet of scala.

Noun

scale (plural scales)

  1. (obsolete) A ladder; a series of steps; a means of ascending.
  2. An ordered, usually numerical sequence used for measurement, means of assigning a magnitude.
    Please rate your experience on a scale from 1 to 10.
    The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the open-ended Richter scale.
  3. Size; scope.
    • 2012 January 1, Robert L. Dorit, “Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist‎, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 14 November 2012, retrieved 11 May 2013, page 23:
      We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.
    On an enormous scale was a blood-feast.
    There are some who question the scale of our ambitions.
  4. The ratio of depicted distance to actual distance.
    This map uses a scale of 1:10.
  5. A line or bar associated with a drawing, used to indicate measurement when the image has been magnified or reduced.
    • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page ix:
      Even though precision can be carried to an extreme, the scales which now are drawn in (and usually connected to an appropriate figure by an arrow) will allow derivation of meaningful measurements.
  6. (music) A series of notes spanning an octave, tritave, or pseudo-octave, used to make melodies.
  7. A mathematical base for a numeral system; radix.
    the decimal scale; the binary scale
  8. Gradation; succession of ascending and descending steps and degrees; progressive series; scheme of comparative rank or order.
    • 1644, J[ohn] M[ilton], The Doctrine or Discipline of Divorce: […], 2nd edition, London: [s.n.], OCLC 868004604, book:
      There is a certain scale of duties […] which for want of studying in right order, all the world is in confusion.
    • 2012 May 13, Phil McNulty, “Man City 3-2 QPR”, in BBC Sport‎:
      City's players and supporters travelled from one end of the emotional scale to the other in those vital seconds, providing a truly remarkable piece of football theatre and the most dramatic conclusion to a season in Premier League history.
  9. A standard amount of money to be received by a performer or writer, negotiated by a union.
    Sally wasn't the star of the show, so she was glad to be paid scale.
Hyponyms
  • (earthquake): Mercalli scale, Palermo scale, Richter scale
  • (economy): wage scale
music
  • Arabic scale
  • Byzantine Music scale
  • chromatic scale
  • diatonic scale
  • diminished scale
  • major scale
  • minor scale
  • modal scale
  • octatonic scale
  • pentatonic scale
  • Persian scale
  • Phrygian dominant scale
  • whole tone scale
physics
  • Celsius scale
  • Delisle scale
  • Fahrenheit scale
  • Kelvin scale
  • Newton scale
  • Rankin scale
  • Réaumur scale
  • Rømer scale
  • timescale
  • (psychology): Kinsey scale
Derived terms
  • altered scale
  • full-scale
  • global-scale
  • gray-scale
  • Gunter's scale
  • Internet-scale
  • large-scale
  • medium-scale
  • microscale
  • milliscale
  • off the scale
  • Pomeroy scale
  • Ravel scale
  • scalebound
  • scalefree
  • small-scale
  • time scale
  • timescale
  • widescale, wide-scale
  • at scale
  • scale invariance
  • scale model
  • thumb on the scale
  • to scale
geography: Terms related to scale
  • cartographic ratio
  • extent
  • focus
  • grain
  • range
  • resolution
  • size
  • support
music: Terms related to scale
  • dominant
  • leading note
  • mediant
  • octave interval
  • subdominant
  • submediant
  • supertonic
  • tonic
Descendants
  • → Japanese: スケール (sukēru)
Translations
ladder — see ladder
mathematics: base for a numeral system — see radix
See also
  • degree
  • ordinal variable
References
  • scale on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Verb

scale (third-person singular simple present scales, present participle scaling, simple past and past participle scaled)

  1. (transitive) To change the size of something whilst maintaining proportion; especially to change a process in order to produce much larger amounts of the final product.
    We should scale that up by a factor of 10.
  2. (transitive) To climb to the top of.
    Hilary and Norgay were the first known to have scaled Everest.
    • 1918 September–November, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “The Land That Time Forgot”, in The Blue Book Magazine, Chicago, Ill.: Story-press Corp., OCLC 18478577; republished as chapter IX, in Hugo Gernsback, editor, Amazing Stories, volume 1, New York, N.Y.: Experimenter Publishing, 1927, OCLC 988016180:
      At last I came to the great barrier-cliffs; and after three days of mad effort--of maniacal effort--I scaled them. I built crude ladders; I wedged sticks in narrow fissures; I chopped toe-holds and finger-holds with my long knife; but at last I scaled them. Near the summit I came upon a huge cavern.
    • 1932, Dorothy L Sayers, Have his Carcase, Chapter 1.
      A solitary rock is always attractive. All right-minded people feel an overwhelming desire to scale and sit upon it.
  3. (intransitive, computing) To tolerate significant increases in throughput or other potentially limiting factors.
    That architecture won't scale to real-world environments.
  4. (transitive) To weigh, measure or grade according to a scale or system.
    • c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act II, scene iii]:
      Scaling his present bearing with his past.
    • 1962 July, G. Freeman Allen, “The New "Rheingold"”, in Modern Railways, page 25:
      The kitchen-dining-buffet car scales 49.2 tons.
Hyponyms
  • scale back
  • scale down
  • scale up
  • scaling ladder
Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English scale, from Old French escale, from Frankish and/or Old High German skala, from Proto-Germanic *skalō. Cognate with Old English sċealu (“shell, husk”), whence the modern doublet shale. Further cognate with Dutch schaal, German Schale, French écale.

Noun

scale (plural scales)

  1. Part of an overlapping arrangement of many small, flat and hard pieces of keratin covering the skin of an animal, particularly a fish or reptile.
    Hyponyms: fish scale, fish-scale, fishscale
    • 1667, John Milton, “Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], OCLC 228722708; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, OCLC 230729554:
      Fish that, with their fins and shining scales, / Glide under the green wave.
teleost scales
  1. A small piece of pigmented chitin, many of which coat the wings of a butterfly or moth to give them their color.
  2. A flake of skin of an animal afflicted with dermatitis.
  3. Part of an overlapping arrangement of many small, flat and hard protective layers forming a pinecone that flare when mature to release pine nut seeds.
  4. The flaky material sloughed off heated metal.
    Hyponym: mill scale
  5. Scale mail (as opposed to chain mail).
  6. Limescale.
  7. A scale insect.
  8. The thin metallic side plate of the handle of a pocketknife.
Derived terms
  • antiscalant
  • criticola scale
Descendants
  • → Japanese: スケール (sukēru)
Translations
limescale — see limescale

Verb

scale (third-person singular simple present scales, present participle scaling, simple past and past participle scaled)

  1. (transitive) To remove the scales of.
    Please scale that fish for dinner.
    Synonym: descale
  2. (intransitive) To become scaly; to produce or develop scales.
    The dry weather is making my skin scale.
  3. (transitive) To strip or clear of scale; to descale.
    to scale the inside of a boiler
  4. (transitive) To take off in thin layers or scales, as tartar from the teeth; to pare off, as a surface.
    • 1684-1690, Thomas Burnet, Sacred Theory of the Earth
      if all the mountains and hills were scaled, and the earth made even
  5. (intransitive) To separate and come off in thin layers or laminae.
    Some sandstone scales by exposure.
    • 1631, Francis [Bacon], “(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd edition, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], OCLC 1044372886:
      Those that cast their shell are the lobster and crab; the old skins are found, but the old shells never; so it is likely that they scale off.
  6. (UK, Scotland, dialect) To scatter; to spread.
  7. (transitive) To clean, as the inside of a cannon, by the explosion of a small quantity of powder.
    • 1816, Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], Tales of My Landlord, […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for William Blackwood, […]; London: John Murray, […], OCLC 230697985:
      cannons […] caused to be scaled and loaded
Translations

Etymology 3

From Middle English scale, from Old Norse skál (“bowl”) from Proto-Germanic *skēlō. Compare Danish skål (“bowl, cup”), Dutch schaal, German Schale, Old High German scāla, Old English scealu (“cup”).

Noun

scale (plural scales)

  1. A device to measure mass or weight.
    After the long, lazy winter I was afraid to get on the scale.
A digital kitchen scale.
A balance scale with weights.
  1. Either of the pans, trays, or dishes of a balance or scales.
Usage notes
  • The noun is often used in the plural to denote a single device (originally a pair of scales had two pans).
Descendants
  • → Japanese: スケール (sukēru)
Translations
device — see scales
Further reading
  • scale up on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
  • scale in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
  • scale in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911

Anagrams

  • -clase, Celas, Salce, acles, alecs, claes, laces, selca

Italian

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈska.le/
  • Rhymes: -ale
  • Hyphenation: scà‧le

Noun

scale f pl

  1. plural of scala

Anagrams

  • calse, salce

Middle English

Etymology 1

From Old French escale.

Alternative forms

  • skale, scalle

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈskaːl(ə)/

Noun

scale (plural scales)

  1. flake
Descendants
  • English: scale
  • Yola: skaulès (plural)
References
  • “scāle, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 2

From Latin scāla.

Alternative forms

  • skale, schale

Noun

scale (plural scales)

  1. ladder
Descendants
  • English: scale
    • → Japanese: スケール (sukēru)
References
  • “scāle, n.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Etymology 3

From Old Norse skál (“bowl”) from Proto-Germanic *skēlō.

Alternative forms

  • shale, schale

Noun

scale (plural scales)

  1. hut, hovel
References
  • “scāle, n.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
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