s'

s'

See also: Appendix:Variations of "s"

Albanian

Alternative forms

• së

Etymology

Short for së (“not”) (not to be confused with adjectival article së and conjunction se (“that (as), when”)). This is in turn from Proto-Albanian *tśe, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷíd (“that (relative)”)[1]

Adverb

s'

1. negates the meaning of the modified verb: not, don't

   Unë di. - Unë s'di.

   I know. - I don't know.

   Jam, s'jam. Je, s'je.

   I am, I'm not. You are, you aren't.

   Synonym: nuk

Related terms

• mos

References

1. Albanische Etymologien (Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz), Bardhyl Demiraj, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 7; Amsterdam - Atlanta 1997. p. 276.

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Asturian

Pronoun

s'

1. Apocopic form of se before a vowel

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Catalan

Pronoun

s’

1. Contraction of es.

Usage notes

• s' is the elided (elida) form of the pronoun. It is used before verbs beginning with a vowel.

Declension

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics

	strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
singular		proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic
1st person	jo, mi3	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
1st person majestic1	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
2nd person formal1	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person very formal2	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person masculine	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person feminine	ella	la, l’4	-la	li	-li	seu
3rd person neuter		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
plural
1st person	nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person formal2	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person masculine	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person feminine	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive		en, n’	-ne, ’n
locative		hi	-hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural. 2) Behaves grammatically as third person.			3) Only as object of a preposition. 4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

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French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s‿/

• Audio

  (file)

Conjunction

s’

1. Elision of si (“if”) before il or ils.

   S’il vous plaît ― Please / Here you are.

   S’il te plaît. ― Please / Here you are.

   Je ne sais pas s’ils viendront demain.

   I don’t know if they will come tomorrow.

Pronoun

s’ (third person)

1. Elision of se before a word beginning with a vowel.

   Il s’habille. ― He’s dressing (himself).

   Il s’aime. ― He loves himself.

   Ils s’aiment.

   They love themselves. / They love each other.

2. (informal) Elision of se before a word beginning with a consonant.

   Y s’bouge le cul ou quoi? ― Is he movin’ his ass or what?

Further reading

• “s'”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

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Italian

Pronoun

s' (apocopated)

1. (before a vowel) Apocopic form of si

Usage notes

• Commonly elides before a vowel, especially i and e.

See also

Italian personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Reflexive	Accusative	Dative	Conjunctive	Disjunctive	Locative	Partitive
Singular	first	—	io	mi, m', -mi			me	me	—
	second	—	tu	ti, t', -ti			te	te
	third	m	lui	si2, s', -si	lo, l', -lo	gli, -gli	glie, se2	lui, sé	ci, c', vi, v' (formal)	ne, n'
		f	lei, Lei1		la, La1, l', L'1, -la, -La1	le3, Le1, -le3, -Le1		lei, Lei1, sé
Plural	first	—	noi	ci, c', -ci			ce	noi	—
	second	—	voi, Voi4	vi, Vi4, v', V'4, -vi, -Vi4			ve	voi, Voi4
	third	m	loro, Loro1	si, s', -si	li, Li1, -li, -Li1	gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro1	glie, se	loro, Loro1, sé	ci, c', vi, v' (formal)	ne, n'
		f			le, Le1, -le, -Le1
1	Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
2	Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
3	Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language.
4	Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous).

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Manx

Alternative forms

• s- (used before a vowel)
• sh- (used before front vowels)

Etymology

From Old Irish is.

Particle

s'

1. Present/future copula form

   S'mie lhiam shillishyn.

   I am fond of cherries.

   Shegin dooin goll dy chaggey.

   We have to go to war.

   my saillt ― please (said to one person)

2. Used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives

   V'ee yn inneen s'bwaaee 'sy theihll.

   She was the prettiest girl in the world.

   fer s'gilley jeh mooinjey y vadran ― the brightest of the sons of the morning

Usage notes

Only used with adjectives. When nouns are equated with each other, use she.

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Neapolitan

Pronoun

s’

1. (before a vowel) Apocopic form of se

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Norman

Etymology

Old French se < Latin sē.

Pronoun

s'

1. third-person singular reflexive pronoun; oneself

   s'rêjoui ― to enjoy oneself

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Old French

Pronoun

s'

1. his; her; its (elided form of son or sa before a word starting with a vowel)

   s'oreille ― his ear

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Romagnol

Conjunction

s'

1. Apocopic form of se (“if”)
   • 1920, Olindo Guerrini, Zanichelli, editor, Sonetti romagnoli, published 1967:

     S'aví pazenzia d' lezer ste librett E ch'a sbrucheva i virs in rumagnol A i truvarí zinquanta e piò sunett Ch'av gudrí ch'a farí dal scapariol.

     If [you] are patient to read this book and you (can) understand the poetry in Romagnol you will find more than fifty sonnets that will entertain you more than tumbling.

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Sassarese

Pronoun

s'

1. Apocopic form of si, used before a vowel