's
See also: -'s and Appendix:Variations of "s"
English
Etymology
Contractions.
Pronunciation
- (after voiceless consonants except /s/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/) enPR: s, IPA(key): /s/
Audio (US) (file)
- (after a sibilant or affricate)
- (UK) enPR: ĭz, IPA(key): /ɪz/
- (US) enPR: ĭz, əz, IPA(key): /ɪz/, /əz/
- (General Australian) enPR: əz, IPA(key): /əz/
- (elsewhere) enPR: z, IPA(key): /z/
- Homophone: -s
Verb
’s (clitic)
- Contraction of is.
- The dog’s running after me!
- Contraction of has.
- The dog’s been chasing the mail carrier again.
- (proscribed, dialectal, Southern US) Contraction of was.
- It’s a beautiful day yesterday so I’s at the park.
- (informal) Contraction of does (used only with the auxiliary meaning of does and only after interrogative words).
- What’s he do for a living?
- What’s it say?
- Where’s the n in Javanese come from?
- (nonstandard, sometimes proscribed) are (used mainly after where, here, and there).
- Where’s the table tennis balls?
See also
- 'd, ’d
- 'll, ’ll
- 'm, ’m
- 're, ’re
- 've, ’ve
- -'s, -’s
- apostrophe
- contraction
Pronoun
’s (clitic)
- Contraction of us (found in the formula let’s which is used to form first-person plural imperatives).
- What are you guys waiting for? Let’s go!
Determiner
’s
- (poetic) Contraction of his.
- Duncan’s in ’s grave
Conjunction
’s
- (UK, dialect) Contraction of as (when it is (nonstandardly) used as a relative conjunction, or like a relative pronoun, meaning "that").
- All’s he wanted was to go home.
Adverb
’s (not comparable)
- (UK, dialect) Contraction of as.
- 1922, E. F. Benson, Negotium Perambulans
- He takes his bottle of whisky a day and gets drunk’s a lord in the evening.
- 1922, E. F. Benson, Negotium Perambulans
Bavarian
Etymology 1
Unstressed form of des.
Pronoun
's
- it (nominative and accusative)
- this, that
See also
Bavarian personal pronouns
| nominative | accusative | dative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
| 1st person singular | i | — | mi | — | mia (mir) | ma | |
| 2nd person singular (informal) | du | — | di | — | dia (dir) | da | |
| 2nd person singular (formal) | Sie | — | Eahna | — | Eahna | — | |
| 3rd person singular | m | er | a | eahm | 'n | eahm | 'n |
| n | es, des | 's | des | 's | |||
| f | se, de | 's | se | 's | ihr | — | |
| 1st person plural | mia (mir) | ma | uns | — | uns | — | |
| 2nd person plural | eß, ihr | — | enk, eich | — | enk, eich | — | |
| 3rd person plural | se | 's | eahna | — | eahna | — | |
Article
's n
- the
See also
Bavarian articles
| m | n | f | pl | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
| definite | nominative | der, da | — | das, es, des | 's | de | d' | de | d' |
| accusative | en, den | 'n | |||||||
| dative | em, dem | 'm | em, dem | 'm | der, da | — | |||
| genitive1 | des | des | der, da | der, da | |||||
| indefinite | nominative | a | — | a | — | a | — | ||
| accusative | an | 'n | |||||||
| dative | am | 'm | am | 'm | a, ana | 'na | |||
1) higher, formal register
Etymology 2
Unstressed form of se.
Pronoun
's
- she
- they, them
See also
Bavarian personal pronouns
| nominative | accusative | dative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
| 1st person singular | i | — | mi | — | mia (mir) | ma | |
| 2nd person singular (informal) | du | — | di | — | dia (dir) | da | |
| 2nd person singular (formal) | Sie | — | Eahna | — | Eahna | — | |
| 3rd person singular | m | er | a | eahm | 'n | eahm | 'n |
| n | es, des | 's | des | 's | |||
| f | se, de | 's | se | 's | ihr | — | |
| 1st person plural | mia (mir) | ma | uns | — | uns | — | |
| 2nd person plural | eß, ihr | — | enk, eich | — | enk, eich | — | |
| 3rd person plural | se | 's | eahna | — | eahna | — | |
Catalan
Pronoun
’s
- Contraction of se.
Usage notes
- 's is the reduced (reduïda) form of the pronoun. It is used after verbs ending with a vowel.
- Si us plau, calmi's. ― Please calm down.
Declension
Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
| strong/subject | weak (direct object) | weak (indirect object) | possessive | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | proclitic | enclitic | proclitic | enclitic | ||||
| 1st person | jo, mi3 | em, m’ | -me, ’m | em, m’ | -me, ’m | meu | ||
| 1st person majestic1 | nós | ens | -nos, ’ns | ens | -nos, ’ns | nostre | ||
| 2nd person | tu | et, t’ | -te, ’t | et, t’ | -te, ’t | teu | ||
| 2nd person formal1 | vós | us | -vos, -us | us | -vos, -us | vostre | ||
| 2nd person very formal2 | vostè | el, l’ | -lo, ’l | li | -li | seu | ||
| 3rd person masculine | ell | el, l’ | -lo, ’l | li | -li | seu | ||
| 3rd person feminine | ella | la, l’4 | -la | li | -li | seu | ||
| 3rd person neuter | ho | -ho | li | -li | seu | |||
| 3rd person reflexive | si | es, s’ | -se, ’s | es, s’ | -se, ’s | seu | ||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1st person | nosaltres | ens | -nos, ’ns | ens | -nos, ’ns | nostre | ||
| 2nd person | vosaltres | us | -vos, -us | us | -vos, -us | vostre | ||
| 2nd person formal2 | vostès | els | -los, ’ls | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
| 3rd person masculine | ells | els | -los, ’ls | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
| 3rd person feminine | elles | les | -les | els | -los, ’ls | seu | ||
| 3rd person reflexive | si | es, s’ | -se, ’s | es, s’ | -se, ’s | seu | ||
| adverbial | ||||||||
| ablative/genitive | en, n’ | -ne, ’n | ||||||
| locative | hi | -hi | ||||||
| 1) Behaves grammatically as plural. 2) Behaves grammatically as third person. | 3) Only as object of a preposition. 4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-. | |||||||
Cimbrian
Article
's
- (Sette Comuni) the; definite article for two declensions:
- nominative singular neuter
- accusative singular neuter
Alternative forms
- z (Luserna)
See also
| Cimbrian definite articles | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
| Nominative | dar | de / di | 's / z | de / di |
| Accusative | in | de / di | 's / z | de / di |
| Dative | me | dar | me | in |
Pronoun
's
- (Sette Comuni) Alternative form of es (“it”)
References
- “'s” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
Dutch
Etymology 1
A clitic form of des, the genitive of the masculine and neuter singular articles de and het.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /s/
Audio (file)
Prefix
’s
- Contraction of des. Used in ’s ochtends, ’s morgens, ’s middags, ’s avonds, ’s nachts, ’s zomers, and ’s winters.
- Used in place names as a shorthand for genitive des such as ’s-Gravenhage and ’s-Hertogenbosch indicating possession or origin.
- Used to construct a noun phrase which indicates a genitive (quality, possession or origin)
- ’s werelds beste reisbestemming — the world’s best travel destination
- ’s werelds mooiste zeereis — the world’s most beautiful sea voyage
Usage notes
As ’s is still conceptualized as a contraction of des, it is never capitalised, even before a proper noun or at the start of sentences. Instead, the following word is capitalised, as in 's Morgens regent het. (It rains in the morning.)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /əs/, /s/
Adverb
's
- Clipping of eens.
German
Article
’s
- (chiefly colloquial or poetic) Contraction of das.
Pronoun
’s
- (chiefly colloquial or poetic) Contraction of es.
See also
- -'s
Irish
Conjunction
’s
- Contraction of is (“and”).
Particle
’s
- Contraction of is (“is”).
Noun
’s
- Contraction of a fhios (“knowledge of it”): only used in tá’s ag and similar constructions
Scottish Gaelic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /s̪/ (after a back vowel sound)
- IPA(key): /ʃ/ (after a front vowel sound)
Verb
's
- Contraction of is (“is”).
Conjunction
's
- Contraction of is (“and”).
References
- “'s” in R. A. Armstrong, A Gaelic Dictionary, in Two Parts, London, 1825, →OCLC, page 478.