rugir
Catalan
Etymology
Borrowed from Latin rugīre, present active infinitive of rugiō (“roar”) (19th century)[1].
Pronunciation
- (Balearic, Central) IPA(key): /ruˈʒi/
- (Valencian) IPA(key): /ruˈd͡ʒiɾ/
Verb
rugir (first-person singular present rugeixo, past participle rugit)
- (intransitive) to roar
Conjugation
Conjugation of rugir (third conjugation with -eix- infix)
| infinitive | rugir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | rugint | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | rugit | rugida | |||||
| plural | rugits | rugides | |||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès | |
| present | rugeixo | rugeixes | rugeix | rugim | rugiu | rugeixen | |
| imperfect | rugia | rugies | rugia | rugíem | rugíeu | rugien | |
| future | rugiré | rugiràs | rugirà | rugirem | rugireu | rugiran | |
| preterite | rugí | rugires | rugí | rugírem | rugíreu | rugiren | |
| conditional | rugiria | rugiries | rugiria | rugiríem | rugiríeu | rugirien | |
| subjunctive | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès | |
| present | rugeixi | rugeixis | rugeixi | rugim | rugiu | rugeixin | |
| imperfect | rugís | rugissis | rugís | rugíssim | rugíssiu | rugissin | |
| imperative | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós | vostès | |
| — | rugeix | rugeixi | rugim | rugiu | rugeixin | ||
Related terms
- rugit
References
- “rugir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
Further reading
- “rugir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “rugir” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “rugir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
French
Etymology
Borrowed from Latin rugīre, present active infinitive of rugiō (“roar”). Cf. Old French ruir, a more gallicized variant. See also rut.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʁy.ʒiʁ/
Audio (file)
Verb
rugir
- to roar
Conjugation
This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.
Conjugation of rugir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | rugir | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | rugissant /ʁy.ʒi.sɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | rugi /ʁy.ʒi/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | rugis /ʁy.ʒi/ | rugis /ʁy.ʒi/ | rugit /ʁy.ʒi/ | rugissons /ʁy.ʒi.sɔ̃/ | rugissez /ʁy.ʒi.se/ | rugissent /ʁy.ʒis/ |
| imperfect | rugissais /ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/ | rugissais /ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/ | rugissait /ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/ | rugissions /ʁy.ʒi.sjɔ̃/ | rugissiez /ʁy.ʒi.sje/ | rugissaient /ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | rugis /ʁy.ʒi/ | rugis /ʁy.ʒi/ | rugit /ʁy.ʒi/ | rugîmes /ʁy.ʒim/ | rugîtes /ʁy.ʒit/ | rugirent /ʁy.ʒiʁ/ | |
| future | rugirai /ʁy.ʒi.ʁe/ | rugiras /ʁy.ʒi.ʁa/ | rugira /ʁy.ʒi.ʁa/ | rugirons /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/ | rugirez /ʁy.ʒi.ʁe/ | rugiront /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | rugirais /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/ | rugirais /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/ | rugirait /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/ | rugirions /ʁy.ʒi.ʁjɔ̃/ | rugiriez /ʁy.ʒi.ʁje/ | rugiraient /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | rugisse /ʁy.ʒis/ | rugisses /ʁy.ʒis/ | rugisse /ʁy.ʒis/ | rugissions /ʁy.ʒi.sjɔ̃/ | rugissiez /ʁy.ʒi.sje/ | rugissent /ʁy.ʒis/ |
| imperfect2 | rugisse /ʁy.ʒis/ | rugisses /ʁy.ʒis/ | rugît /ʁy.ʒi/ | rugissions /ʁy.ʒi.sjɔ̃/ | rugissiez /ʁy.ʒi.sje/ | rugissent /ʁy.ʒis/ | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | rugis /ʁy.ʒi/ | — | rugissons /ʁy.ʒi.sɔ̃/ | rugissez /ʁy.ʒi.se/ | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Derived terms
- rugissement
Further reading
- “rugir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Portuguese
Etymology
Probably borrowed from Latin rugīre (“to roar”).
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ʁ)/ [huˈʒi(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ɾ)/ [huˈʒi(ɾ)]
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ʁ)/ [χuˈʒi(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ɻ)/ [huˈʒi(ɻ)]
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒiɾ/
Verb
rugir (first-person singular present rujo, first-person singular preterite rugi, past participle rugido)
- to roar (to make a loud, deep cry)
Conjugation
Conjugation of rugir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) | Second-person (tu) | Third-person (ele / ela / você) | First-person (nós) | Second-person (vós) | Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | rugir | |||||
| Personal | rugir | rugires | rugir | rugirmos | rugirdes | rugirem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| rugindo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | rugido | rugidos | ||||
| Feminine | rugida | rugidas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | rujo | ruges | ruge | rugimos | rugis | rugem |
| Imperfect | rugia | rugias | rugia | rugíamos | rugíeis | rugiam |
| Preterite | rugi | rugiste | rugiu | rugimos | rugistes | rugiram |
| Pluperfect | rugira | rugiras | rugira | rugíramos | rugíreis | rugiram |
| Future | rugirei | rugirás | rugirá | rugiremos | rugireis | rugirão |
| Conditional | ||||||
| rugiria | rugirias | rugiria | rugiríamos | rugiríeis | rugiriam | |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | ruja | rujas | ruja | rujamos | rujais | rujam |
| Imperfect | rugisse | rugisses | rugisse | rugíssemos | rugísseis | rugissem |
| Future | rugir | rugires | rugir | rugirmos | rugirdes | rugirem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | ruge | ruja | rujamos | rugi | rujam | |
| Negative (não) | não rujas | não ruja | não rujamos | não rujais | não rujam | |
Related terms
- ruído
Spanish
Etymology
Borrowed from Latin rugīre, present active infinitive of rugiō (“roar”). Compare the inherited Old Spanish (and Ladino) ruir; cf. also the related ruido[1].
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ruˈxiɾ/ [ruˈxiɾ]
- Rhymes: -iɾ
- Syllabification: ru‧gir
Verb
rugir (first-person singular present rujo, first-person singular preterite rugí, past participle rugido)
- to roar
- to bellow
- to rumble
Conjugation
Conjugation of rugir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
| infinitive | rugir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | rugiendo | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | rugido | rugida | |||||
| plural | rugidos | rugidas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | rujo | rugestú rugísvos | ruge | rugimos | rugís | rugen | |
| imperfect | rugía | rugías | rugía | rugíamos | rugíais | rugían | |
| preterite | rugí | rugiste | rugió | rugimos | rugisteis | rugieron | |
| future | rugiré | rugirás | rugirá | rugiremos | rugiréis | rugirán | |
| conditional | rugiría | rugirías | rugiría | rugiríamos | rugiríais | rugirían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | ruja | rujastú rujásvos2 | ruja | rujamos | rujáis | rujan | |
| imperfect (ra) | rugiera | rugieras | rugiera | rugiéramos | rugierais | rugieran | |
| imperfect (se) | rugiese | rugieses | rugiese | rugiésemos | rugieseis | rugiesen | |
| future1 | rugiere | rugieres | rugiere | rugiéremos | rugiereis | rugieren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos | usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ustedes | |
| affirmative | rugetú rugívos | ruja | rujamos | rugid | rujan | ||
| negative | no rujas | no ruja | no rujamos | no rujáis | no rujan | ||
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
Selected combined forms of rugir (g-j alternation)
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| with infinitive rugir | |||||||
| dative | rugirme | rugirte | rugirle, rugirse | rugirnos | rugiros | rugirles, rugirse | |
| accusative | rugirme | rugirte | rugirlo, rugirla, rugirse | rugirnos | rugiros | rugirlos, rugirlas, rugirse | |
| with gerund rugiendo | |||||||
| dative | rugiéndome | rugiéndote | rugiéndole, rugiéndose | rugiéndonos | rugiéndoos | rugiéndoles, rugiéndose | |
| accusative | rugiéndome | rugiéndote | rugiéndolo, rugiéndola, rugiéndose | rugiéndonos | rugiéndoos | rugiéndolos, rugiéndolas, rugiéndose | |
| with informal second-person singular tú imperative ruge | |||||||
| dative | rúgeme | rúgete | rúgele | rúgenos | not used | rúgeles | |
| accusative | rúgeme | rúgete | rúgelo, rúgela | rúgenos | not used | rúgelos, rúgelas | |
| with informal second-person singular vos imperative rugí | |||||||
| dative | rugime | rugite | rugile | ruginos | not used | rugiles | |
| accusative | rugime | rugite | rugilo, rugila | ruginos | not used | rugilos, rugilas | |
| with formal second-person singular imperative ruja | |||||||
| dative | rújame | not used | rújale, rújase | rújanos | not used | rújales | |
| accusative | rújame | not used | rújalo, rújala, rújase | rújanos | not used | rújalos, rújalas | |
| with first-person plural imperative rujamos | |||||||
| dative | not used | rujámoste | rujámosle | rujámonos | rujámoos | rujámosles | |
| accusative | not used | rujámoste | rujámoslo, rujámosla | rujámonos | rujámoos | rujámoslos, rujámoslas | |
| with informal second-person plural imperative rugid | |||||||
| dative | rugidme | not used | rugidle | rugidnos | rugíos | rugidles | |
| accusative | rugidme | not used | rugidlo, rugidla | rugidnos | rugíos | rugidlos, rugidlas | |
| with formal second-person plural imperative rujan | |||||||
| dative | rújanme | not used | rújanle | rújannos | not used | rújanles, rújanse | |
| accusative | rújanme | not used | rújanlo, rújanla | rújannos | not used | rújanlos, rújanlas, rújanse | |
Related terms
- ruido
References
- Joan Coromines; José A. Pascual (1983–1991) Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
Further reading
- “rugir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014