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单词 rod
释义

rod

See also: Rod, roď, ród, röd, rød, roð, род, and রোদ

English

Etymology

From Middle English rodde, from Old English *rodd or *rodde (attested in dative plural roddum (“rod, pole”)), of uncertain origin, but probably from Proto-Germanic *rudd- (“stick, club”), from Proto-Indo-European *rewdʰ- (“to clear land”). Compare Old Norse rudda (“club”). For the root, compare English rid. Presumably unrelated to Proto-Germanic *rōdō (“rod, pole”).

Pronunciation

  • (UK) IPA(key): /ɹɒd/
  • (US) IPA(key): /ɹɑd/
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɒd

Noun

rod (plural rods)

  1. A straight, round stick, shaft, bar, cane, or staff.
    The circus strong man proved his strength by bending an iron rod, and then straightening it.
  2. A longitudinal pole used for forming part of a framework such as an awning or tent.
  3. (fishing) A long slender usually tapering pole used for angling; fishing rod.
    When I hooked a snake and not a fish, I got so scared I dropped my rod in the water.
  4. A stick, pole, or bundle of switches or twigs (such as a birch), used for personal defense or to administer corporal punishment by whipping.
    • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 8, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], OCLC 946730821:
      So was I brought up: they tell mee, that in all my youth, I never felt rod [translating verges] but twice, and that very lightly.
  5. An implement resembling and/or supplanting a rod (particularly a cane) that is used for corporal punishment, and metonymically called the rod, regardless of its actual shape and composition.
    The judge imposed on the thief a sentence of fifteen strokes with the rod.
  6. A stick used to measure distance, by using its established length or task-specific temporary marks along its length, or by dint of specific graduated marks.
    I notched a rod and used it to measure the length of rope to cut.
  7. (archaic) A unit of length equal to 1 pole, a perch, 1⁄4 chain, 5+1⁄2 yards, 16+1⁄2 feet, or exactly 5.0292 meters (these being all equivalent).
    • 1842, Edgar Allan Poe, ‘The Mystery of Marie Rogêt’:
      ‘And this thicket, so full of a natural art, was in the immediate vicinity, within a few rods, of the dwelling of Madame Deluc, whose boys were in the habit of closely examining the shrubberies about them in search of the bark of the sassafras.’
    • 1865, Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod
      In one of the villages I saw the next summer a cow tethered by a rope six rods long […].
    • 1900, Charles W. Chesnutt, “chapter I”, in The House Behind the Cedars:
      A few rods farther led him past the old black Presbyterian church, with its square tower, embowered in a stately grove; past the Catholic church, with its many crosses, and a painted wooden figure of St. James in a recess beneath the gable; and past the old Jefferson House, once the leading hotel of the town, in front of which political meetings had been held, and political speeches made, and political hard cider drunk, in the days of "Tippecanoe and Tyler too."
    • 1924, Edward A. Ross, “Pocketed Americans”, in World Drift, New York; London: The Century Co., published 1928, page 68:
      the valley is forty to sixty rods wide
  8. An implement held vertically and viewed through an optical surveying instrument such as a transit, used to measure distance in land surveying and construction layout; an engineer's rod, surveyor's rod, surveying rod, leveling rod, ranging rod. The modern (US) engineer's or surveyor's rod commonly is eight or ten feet long and often designed to extend higher. In former times a surveyor's rod often was a single wooden pole or composed of multiple sectioned and socketed pieces, and besides serving as a sighting target was used to measure distance on the ground horizontally, hence for convenience was of one rod or pole in length, that is, 5+1⁄2 yards.
  9. (archaic) A unit of area equal to a square rod, 30+1⁄4 square yards or 1⁄160 acre.
    The house had a small yard of about six rods in size.
  10. A straight bar that unites moving parts of a machine, for holding parts together as a connecting rod or for transferring power as a driveshaft.
    The engine threw a rod, and then went to pieces before our eyes, springs and coils shooting in all directions.
  11. (anatomy) A rod cell: a rod-shaped cell in the eye that is sensitive to light.
    The rods are more sensitive than the cones, but do not discern color.
  12. (biology) Any of a number of long, slender microorganisms.
    He applied a gram positive stain, looking for rods indicative of Listeria.
  13. (chemistry) A stirring rod: a glass rod, typically about 6 inches to 1 foot long and 1⁄8 to 1⁄4 inch in diameter that can be used to stir liquids in flasks or beakers.
  14. (slang) A pistol; a gun.
    • 1916 August 1, The Electrical Experimenter, New York, page 249, column 1:
      One of them strode to his side and ran experienced fingers through his clothes. "No rod," he reported, "where's the jewelry?"
  15. (slang, vulgar) A penis.
  16. (slang) A hot rod, an automobile or other passenger motor vehicle modified to run faster and often with exterior cosmetic alterations, especially one based originally on a pre-1940s model or (currently) denoting any older vehicle thus modified.
  17. (ufology) A rod-shaped object that appears in photographs or videos traveling at high speed, not seen by the person recording the event, often associated with extraterrestrial entities.
    • 2000, Jack Barranger, Paul Tice, Mysteries Explored: The Search for Human Origins, Ufos, and Religious Beginnings, Book Three, p.37:
      These cylindrical rods fly through the air at incredible speeds and can only be picked up by high-speed cameras.
    • 2009, Barry Conrad, An Unknown Encounter: A True Account of the San Pedro Haunting, Dorrance Publishing, pp.129–130:
      During one such broadcast in 1997, the esteemed radio host bellowed, “I got a fax earlier today from MUFON (Mutual UFO Network) in Arizona and they said what you think are rods are actually insects!”
    • 2010, Deena West Budd, The Weiser Field Guide to Cryptozoology: Werewolves, Dragons, Skyfish, Lizard Men, and Other Fascinating Creatures Real and Mysterious, Weiser Books, p.15:
      He tells of a home video showing a rod flying into the open mouth of a girl singing at a wedding.
  18. (mathematics) A Cuisenaire rod.
  19. (rail transport) A coupling rod or connecting rod, which links the driving wheels of a steam locomotive, and some diesel shunters and early electric locomotives.
    • 1960 December, Cecil J. Allen, “Operating a mountain main line: the Bern-Lötschberg-Simplon: Part One”, in Trains Illustrated, page 743:
      In the early days troubles were experienced with oscillation from the rod drive and with the transformers, but were overcome later, and these machines performed useful service until superseded by more modern locomotives less costly in maintenance.

Synonyms

  • See also Thesaurus:stick
  • See also Thesaurus:penis
  • (objects in photographs and videos): skyfish

Derived terms

  • Aaron's rod
  • connecting rod
  • conrod
  • coupling rod
  • divining rod
  • fuckrod
  • hot rod
  • lightning rod[1]
  • rodbuster
  • rod for one's back
  • rodman
  • rod-shaped
  • spare the rod, spoil the child

Translations

slang: pistol — see pistol
hot rod — see hot rod
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

See also

  • crook

References

  1. Lightning conductor or rod in OSM

Further reading

  • Rod on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
  • Rod in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

Verb

rod (third-person singular simple present rods, present participle rodding, simple past and past participle rodded)

  1. (construction) To reinforce concrete with metal rods.
  2. (transitive) To furnish with rods, especially lightning rods.
  3. (slang, vulgar, transitive) To penetrate sexually.
    • 1968, David Lynn, Bull nuts:
      On impulse he moved around to the opposite side of the couple, in the direction which Grace's broad buttocks were pointed, for a full view of the big boned woman's back side. Now Grace wouldn't mind one iota if he rodded her from the rear.
  4. (slang) To hot rod.
    • 2007, Dana Stabenow, A Deeper Sleep, →ISBN, page 45:
      There were three clear sets, more than what you might expect at Heartbreak Point, given all the juvies rodding in and out of there with their girlfriends.

Anagrams

  • D. Or., DRO, Dor, Dor., ODR, Ord, RDO, d'or, dor, dro, ord

Breton

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *rrod, from Proto-Celtic *rotos, from Proto-Indo-European *Hróth₂os.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈroːt/

Noun

rod f (plural rodoù)

  1. wheel

Czech

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rȏdъ.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈrot]

Noun

rod m

  1. family, stock, lineage
  2. (botany) genus
  3. (grammar) gender
  4. (grammar) voice

Declension

Declension of rod
singularplural
nominativerodrody
genitiverodurodů
dativerodurodům
accusativerodrody
vocativeroderody
locativerodu, roděrodech
instrumentalrodemrody

Derived terms

  • mužský rod (“masculine (gender)”)
  • ženský rod (“feminine (gender)”)
  • střední rod (“neuter (gender)”)
  • činný rod (“active voice”) (= aktivum)
  • trpný rod (“passive voice”) (= pasivum)

Further reading

  • rod in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
  • rod in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
  • rod in Internetová jazyková příručka

Danish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈʁoˀð], [ˈʁoðˀ]

Etymology 1

From Old Norse rót, from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. English root is borrowed from Old Norse.

Noun

rod c (singular definite roden, plural indefinite rødder)

  1. root
  2. yob
  3. (mathematics) root, zero (element in the domain of a function such that )
Inflection
Declension of rod
common
gender		SingularPlural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativerodrodenrødderrødderne
genitiverodsrodensrøddersrøddernes
Synonyms
  • (mathematics): nulpunkt
  • gulerod
  • rodbehandling
  • rodfrugt
  • tandrod

Etymology 2

From the verb rode.

Noun

rod n (singular definite rodet, not used in plural form)

  1. disorder, mess, muddle

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

rod

  1. imperative of rode

East Franconian

Alternative forms

  • ruad (Itzgründisch)

Adjective

rod

  1. red

German Low German

Alternative forms

  • (Low Prussian) root (rot)

Etymology

From Old Saxon rōd, from Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós < *h₁rewdʰ-. Compare Dutch rood, German rot, West Frisian read, English red, Danish rød.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɾɔu̯t/

Adjective

rod

  1. (in several dialects) red

Hunsrik

Alternative forms

  • root (Wiesemann spelling system)

Etymology

From Middle High German rōt (“red, red-haired”), from Old High German rōt (“red, scarlet, purple-red, brown-red, yellow-red”), from Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós, from *h₁rewdʰ-.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /roːt/

Adjective

rod (comparative roder, superlative rodest)

  1. red
    Die Blumme sin rod.
    The flowers are red.
    Die Tomatte sin aarich rod.
    The tomatoes are very red.
    Sie hod en rode Naas.
    She has a red nose.

Declension

Declension of rod
masculinefeminineneuterplural
Weak inflectionnominativerodrodrodrode
accusativeroderodrodrode
dativeroderoderoderode
Strong inflectionnominativeroderroderodesrode
accusativeroderoderodesrode
dativerodemroderrodemrode

Derived terms

  • weinrod

See also

Colors in Hunsrik · Forrve (layout · text)
     Weis     Grau     Schwarz
             Rod             Ranschegelleb; Braun             Gelleb, Geel
             Grien (Hellgrien), (Neongrien)             Grien (Dunkelgrien)             Menz
             Meergrien             Blau (Hellblau)             Blau (Dunkelblau)
             Feilche            Rosch, Lila             Roserod

Further reading

  • Online Hunsrik Dictionary

Latvian

Verb

rod

  1. 3rd person singular present indicative form of rast
  2. 3rd person plural present indicative form of rast
  3. (with the particle lai) 3rd person singular imperative form of rast
  4. (with the particle lai) 3rd person plural imperative form of rast

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rodъ (“root”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *radas, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /rɔt/

Noun

rod m

  1. sex (gender (male or female))
  2. lineage, family
  3. (grammar) gender

Declension

Declension of rod
SingularDualPlural
Nominativerodrodarody
Genitiverodarodowurodow
Dativerodojurodomarodam
Accusativerodrodarody
Instrumentalrodomrodomarodami
Locativeroźerodomarodach

Further reading

  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “rod”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999), “rod”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *rōdō. Cognate with Old Frisian rōd, Old Saxon rōda, Dutch roede (“rod”), Old High German ruota (German Rute), Old Norse róða (“rod, cross”) (Danish rode (“gauge, rod”)).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /roːd/

Noun

rōd f

  1. cross (method of execution)
  2. a measure of land length, equal to a perch
  3. a measure of land area, equal to a quarter of an acre

Usage notes

  • An archaic locative singular form, ᚱᚩᛞᛁ, appears on the Ruthwell Cross inscription.

Declension

Declension of rod (strong ō-stem)
CaseSingularPlural
nominativerōdrōda, rōde
accusativerōderōda, rōde
genitiverōderōda
dativerōderōdum
  • rōdfæstnian

Descendants

  • Middle English: rod, roode, rood
    • Scots: rude, ruid
    • English: rood, rod (length)

Old Saxon

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, whence also Old English rēad, Old Frisian rād, Old High German rōt, Old Norse rauðr, Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (rauþs). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós < *h₁rewdʰ-.

Adjective

rōd (comparative rōdoro, superlative rōdost)

  1. red

Declension

Positive forms of rōd
Strong declension
gendermasculineneuterfeminine
casesingularpluralsingularpluralsingularplural
nominativerōdrōderōdrōderōdrōdu
accusativerōdanarōderōdrōderōdarōdu
genitiverōdesrōdarōrōdesrōdarōrōdarorōdarō
dativerōdumurōdumrōdumurōdumrōdarorōdum
Weak declension
gendermasculineneuterfeminine
casesingularpluralsingularpluralsingularplural
nominativerōdorōdurōdarōdurōdarōdu
accusativerōdunrōdunrōdarōdunrōdunrōdun
genitiverōdunrōdonōrōdunrōdonōrōdunrōdonō
dativerōdunrōdumrōdunrōdumrōdunrōdum
Comparative forms of rōd (weak only)
gendermasculineneuterfeminine
casesingularpluralsingularpluralsingularplural
nominativerōdororōdorurōdorarōdorurōdorarōdoru
accusativerōdorunrōdorunrōdorarōdorunrōdorunrōdorun
genitiverōdorunrōdoronōrōdorunrōdoronōrōdorunrōdoronō
dativerōdorunrōdorumrōdorunrōdorumrōdorunrōdorum
Superlative forms of rōd
Strong declension
gendermasculineneuterfeminine
casesingularpluralsingularpluralsingularplural
nominativerōdostrōdosterōdostrōdosterōdostrōdostu
accusativerōdostanarōdosterōdostrōdosterōdostarōdostu
genitiverōdostesrōdostarōrōdostesrōdostarōrōdostarorōdostarō
dativerōdostumurōdostumrōdostumurōdostumrōdostarorōdostum
Weak declension
gendermasculineneuterfeminine
casesingularpluralsingularpluralsingularplural
nominativerōdostorōdosturōdostarōdosturōdostarōdostu
accusativerōdostunrōdostunrōdostarōdostunrōdostunrōdostun
genitiverōdostunrōdostonōrōdostunrōdostonōrōdostunrōdostonō
dativerōdostunrōdostumrōdostunrōdostumrōdostunrōdostum


Descendants

  • Middle Low German: rōt
    • German Low German:
      Hamburgisch: rod
      Westphalian
      Sauerländisch: räod, raud, reyet, rout, rōet
      Westmünsterländisch: root
    • Plautdietsch: root

Polish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin rhodium.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /rɔt/
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɔt
  • Syllabification: rod

Noun

Chemical element
Rh
Previous: ruten (Ru)
Next: pallad (Pd)

rod m inan

  1. rhodium (chemical element, Rh, atomic number 45)

Declension

Declension of rod
singular
nominativerod
genitiverodu
dativerodowi
accusativerod
instrumentalrodem
locativerodzie
vocativerodzie

Further reading

  • rod in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • rod in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Romanian

Etymology 1

From Old Church Slavonic родъ (rodŭ), from Proto-Slavic *rodъ.

Noun

rod n (plural roade)

  1. fruit
  2. (figuratively) fruit (advantageous result)
Declension
Declension of rod
singularplural
indefinite articulationdefinite articulationindefinite articulationdefinite articulation
nominative/accusative(un) rodrodul(niște) roaderoadele
genitive/dative(unui) rodrodului(unor) roaderoadelor
vocativeroduleroadelor
Synonyms
  • fruct n
  • poamă f

Verb

rod

  1. inflection of roade:
    1. first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
    2. third-person plural present indicative

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rodъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *radás.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /rôːd/

Noun

rȏd m (Cyrillic spelling ро̑д)

  1. gender
  2. (botany) genus
  3. relative, relation
  4. fruit, crop, extraction (rarely used in these senses)
  5. family, stock, lineage, kin, race
    • 1872, Jovan Đorđević (lyrics), Davorin Jenko (music), “Bože pravde”:
      Bože spasi, Bože hrani srpskog kralja, srpski rod!
      God, our hope: Protect and cherish the Serbian king and Serbian race!

Declension

Declension of rod
singularplural
nominativerȏdròdovi
genitiverȍdarodova
dativerodurodovima
accusativerodrodove
vocativeroderodovi
locativerodurodovima
instrumentalrodomrodovima

Derived terms

  • národ
  • pòrod
  • rȍdnī
  • ròdovskī
  • rȍđen

References

  • “rod” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Veps

Etymology

Related to ruoto.

Noun

rod

  1. bone (of fish)

Welsh

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /roːd/

Noun

rod

  1. Soft mutation of rhod.

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radicalsoftnasalaspirate
rhodrodunchangedunchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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