rjúfa
Icelandic
Etymology
From Old Norse rjúfa, from Proto-Germanic *reufaną.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈrjuːva/
- Rhymes: -uːva
Verb
rjúfa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative rauf, third-person plural past indicative rufu, supine rofið)
- to break, sever (e.g. a connection, agreement, etc.)
Conjugation
rjúfa — active voice (germynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) | að rjúfa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) | rofið | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) | rjúfandi | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) | subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) | ég rýf | við rjúfum | present (nútíð) | ég rjúfi | við rjúfum |
| þú rýfur | þið rjúfið | þú rjúfir | þið rjúfið | ||
| hann, hún, það rýfur | þeir, þær, þau rjúfa | hann, hún, það rjúfi | þeir, þær, þau rjúfi | ||
| past (þátíð) | ég rauf | við rufum | past (þátíð) | ég ryfi | við ryfum |
| þú raufst | þið rufuð | þú ryfir | þið ryfuð | ||
| hann, hún, það rauf | þeir, þær, þau rufu | hann, hún, það ryfi | þeir, þær, þau ryfu | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) | rjúf (þú) | rjúfið (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| rjúfðu | rjúfiði * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
rofinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
| strong declension (sterk beyging) | singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) | rofinn | rofin | rofið | rofnir | rofnar | rofin | |
| accusative (þolfall) | rofinn | rofna | rofið | rofna | rofnar | rofin | |
| dative (þágufall) | rofnum | rofinni | rofnu | rofnum | rofnum | rofnum | |
| genitive (eignarfall) | rofins | rofinnar | rofins | rofinna | rofinna | rofinna | |
| weak declension (veik beyging) | singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
| masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | masculine (karlkyn) | feminine (kvenkyn) | neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) | rofni | rofna | rofna | rofnu | rofnu | rofnu | |
| accusative (þolfall) | rofna | rofnu | rofna | rofnu | rofnu | rofnu | |
| dative (þágufall) | rofna | rofnu | rofna | rofnu | rofnu | rofnu | |
| genitive (eignarfall) | rofna | rofnu | rofna | rofnu | rofnu | rofnu | |
Old Norse
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *reufaną. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to break”)
Verb
rjúfa (singular past indicative rauf, plural past indicative rufu, past participle rofinn)
- (transitive) to break a hole in, break
- rjúfa undir
- to make wounds
- (figuratively) to break, violate (e.g. a law)
- (impersonal) to clear away
- rýfr þokuna
- the fog clears away
- Synonym: hrjóða
Conjugation
Conjugation of rjúfa — active (strong class 2)
| infinitive | rjúfa | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | rjúfandi | |
| past participle | rofinn | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | rýf | rauf |
| 2nd-person singular | rýfr | rauft |
| 3rd-person singular | rýfr | rauf |
| 1st-person plural | rjúfum | rufum |
| 2nd-person plural | rjúfið | rufuð |
| 3rd-person plural | rjúfa | rufu |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | rjúfa | ryfa |
| 2nd-person singular | rjúfir | ryfir |
| 3rd-person singular | rjúfi | ryfi |
| 1st-person plural | rjúfim | ryfim |
| 2nd-person plural | rjúfið | ryfið |
| 3rd-person plural | rjúfi | ryfi |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | rjúf | |
| 1st-person plural | rjúfum | |
| 2nd-person plural | rjúfið | |
Conjugation of rjúfa — mediopassive (strong class 2)
| infinitive | rjúfask | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | rjúfandisk | |
| past participle | rofizk | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | rjúfumk | rufumk |
| 2nd-person singular | rýfsk | raufzk |
| 3rd-person singular | rýfsk | raufsk |
| 1st-person plural | rjúfumsk | rufumsk |
| 2nd-person plural | rjúfizk | rufuzk |
| 3rd-person plural | rjúfask | rufusk |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | rjúfumk | ryfumk |
| 2nd-person singular | rjúfisk | ryfisk |
| 3rd-person singular | rjúfisk | ryfisk |
| 1st-person plural | rjúfimsk | ryfimsk |
| 2nd-person plural | rjúfizk | ryfizk |
| 3rd-person plural | rjúfisk | ryfisk |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | rjúfsk | |
| 1st-person plural | rjúfumsk | |
| 2nd-person plural | rjúfizk | |
Related terms
- rauf f
- raufa
- reyfa
Descendants
- Icelandic: rjúfa
References
- rjúfa in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press