Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/þwingan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *þwinhaną.

Verb

*þwingan

to constrain
to force

Inflection

Strong class 3
Infinitive	*þwingan
1st sg. past	*þwang
3rd pl. past	*þwungun
Past ptcple	*þwungan
Infinitive	*þwingan
Genitive infin.	*þwingannjas
Dative infin.	*þwingannjē
Instrum. infin.	*þwingannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*þwingu	*þwang
2nd singular	*þwingiʀi	*þwungī
3rd singular	*þwingidi	*þwang
1st plural	*þwingum	*þwungum
2nd plural	*þwingid	*þwungud
3rd plural	*þwingand	*þwungun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*þwingē	*þwungī
2nd singular	*þwingēs	*þwungī
3rd singular	*þwingē	*þwungī
1st plural	*þwingēm	*þwungīm
2nd plural	*þwingēþ	*þwungīd
3rd plural	*þwingēn	*þwungīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*þwing
Plural	*þwingid
	Present	Past
Participle	*þwingandī	*þwungan

Related terms

*þwangi

Descendants

Old Frisian: thwinga
Old Saxon: thwingan
- Middle Low German: dwingen
Old Dutch: thwingan
- Middle Dutch: dwingen
  - Dutch: dwingen
Old High German: dwingan
- Middle High German: dwingen, twingen
  - German: zwingen