Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tungā

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *tungǭ.

Noun

*tungā f[1]

tongue
speech, language

Inflection

ōn-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*tungā
Genitive	*tungōn
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*tungā	*tungōn
Accusative	*tungōn	*tungōn
Genitive	*tungōn	*tungōnō
Dative	*tungōn	tungōm, tungum
Instrumental	*tungōn	tungōm, tungum

Descendants

Old English: tunge
- Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
  - English: tongue (see there for further descendants)
  - Scots: tung, tongue, tong
Old Frisian: tunge
- North Frisian: tonge, tunge
- Saterland Frisian: Tunge
- West Frisian: tonge
Old Saxon: tunga, tunge
- Middle Low German: tunge
  - German Low German: Tunge
  - Plautdietsch: Tung
Old Dutch: tunga
- Middle Dutch: tonge
  - Dutch: tong
    - Afrikaans: tong
    - Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
      - → Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
    - Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
    - →? Sranan Tongo: tongo
      - → Aukan: tongo
      - → Kwinti: tongo
      - → Saramaccan: tongò
  - Limburgish: tóng
Old High German: zunga
- Middle High German: zunge
  - Alemannic German: Zunge
  - Central Franconian: Zong
  - Cimbrian: zung
  - German: Zunge
  - Luxembourgish: Zong
  - Vilamovian: cung
  - Yiddish: צונג‎ (tsung)

References

Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 59: “PWGmc *tungā”

[1] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 59: “PWGmc *tungā”